GEOLOGY IN ECONOMICS AND EDUCATION. 499 



been sketched out nearly all over the world, and now that 

 it has come to be recognised that they owe their present 

 positions and their relationships to the actual outward 

 form of the earth's surface, to changes in position brought 

 about by the deformation of the earth's crust and its 

 various parts, we are beginning to codify the effects of that 

 deformation and to set about the task of discovering the 

 laws which rule in the process. We have as yet, it is true, 

 done little in this department, but the great works of 

 Suess, Heim, Bertrand and many others, all tend to show 

 that the grander deformational effects have been brought 

 about by the same causes, and are certain eventually to 

 fall into line with, and perhaps become compressed under, 

 a common nomenclature with the corresponding results 

 worked out by the physicist in his laboratory at home. 



It is very difficult to say at what period of life a pupil 

 or a student should properly commence the study of 

 geology. It is the one science among the natural sciences 

 the principles and illustrations of which may be largely 

 taught in the common language of the pupil. By means 

 of such language alone the teacher or indeed the pupil 

 for himself may build up the ideas of precise phenomena 

 in more or less scientific terms. To the average school- 

 boy it is an exhilarating and mind-expanding subject 

 when properlv taught. It is a subject which unlike 

 chemistry, physics or even zoology, demands no great 

 expense in the matter of laboratory apparatus. A col- 

 lection of minerals, hammers, a clinometer or compass, 

 a map and a bag for carrying his lunch and his fossils, 

 and you have the complete outfit for every member of a 

 school class setting out on its first geological excursion. 

 The collection of his first rocks, his first fossils by a school- 

 boy, who knows just enough geology to be aware what 

 they mean or what they imply, is a pleasure never to be 



