1881.] On the Fertilization of Calamintha nepeta. 13 
instances ; but very little pollen seems to be carried away by the 
still appressed lobes of the stigma. When the latter has become 
somewhat exserted (Fig. 1, s) its lobes expand, and are now ready 
for fertilization, and as some pollen still remains in the anthers, 
the flower is now properly hermaphrodite or perfect. The stigma, 
however, retains its freshness for some time, and meanwhile the 
remainder of the pollen may have been removed, leaving the 
flower pistillate in function. 
If, now, an insect in search of nectar is i ceo to the flower, 
the purple blotches or nectar marks catch its eye and lead it 
directly to the mouth of the corolla, its head or back usually com- 
ing in contact with the receptive face of the stigma if this is 
already mature. The dense chevaux-de-frise of hairs, however, 
prevent it from entering unless it be large enough to effect the 
transportation of pollen in return for the food obtained; but if 
sufficiently large and strong to pass these, and not too large to 
creep into the flower, it enters, finding it far easier to follow the - 
guiding groove than to pass over the bristles on either hand. 
Pushing ina sufficient distance to obtain the desired food, its back 
rubs against the anthers, or what is equally effective, its sides 
shaking the filaments, bring down a shower of pollen. Having 
exhausted the supply of nectar in the first flower, it flies to 
another, then to a third, carrying pollen from one to the other. 
Several species of Halictus! and Cadliopsis andreniformis Sm., 
were seen to visit the flowers in this manner. 
If, on the other hand, the insect be too large to force its way 
into the corolla, it alights on the lower lip, usually clasping the 
side of the tube with two or more of its feet, and thus steady- 
ing itself, while its head is thrust into the flower as far as possi- 
ble, and its tongue is extended to reach the nectar. Though the 
modus operandi is different, the result is the same as in the last 
case, with an exception which will be mentioned later. The 
flowers are visited in this way by the following insects: Hymen- 
optera—Afis mellifica L., Bombus virginicus Oliv., B. fervidus 
Fab., Xylocopa virginica Drasy (2. and 3), Megachile brevis Say, 
M. latimanus Say, Anthidium cognatum Cres., Ammophila vulgaris 
Cres., Bembex fasciata Fabr., and Myzine bcincts Fabr. Lepidop- 
tera obi philodice God., Pieris rape L., P. protodice B. and L., 
Papilio asterias Drury ?, Sunonia cenia B. and L., Hesperia hobo- 
'The Hymenoptera were all kindly identified by Mr. E. T. Cresson, 
