178 Observations on the Salmon of the Pacific. [ March, 
d. Dog salmon—kayko, lekai, ktlawhy, qualoch, fall salmon, 
o-le-a-rah. The males of a// the species in the fall are 
usually known as dog salmon, or fall salmon. 
e. Hump-back—gorbuscha, haddo, hone, holia, lost salmon, 
Puget Sound salmon, dog salmon (of Alaska). 
Of these species, the blue-back predominates in Frazer's river, 
the silver salmon in Puget sound, the quinnat in the Columbia 
and the Sacramento, and the silver salmon in most of the small 
streams along the coast. All the species have been seen by us in 
the Columbia and in Frazer’s river; all but the blue-back in the 
Sacramento, and all but the blue-back in waters tributary to 
Puget sound. Only the quinnat has been noticed south of San 
Francisco, and its range has been traced as far as Ventura river, 
which is the southernmost stream in California which is not 
muddy and alkaline at its mouth. 
Of these species, the quinnat and blue-back salmon habitually 
“run” in the spring, the others in the fall. The usual order of 
running in the rivers is as follows: nerka, chouicha, kisutch, gor- 
buscha, keta. 
The economic value of the spring running salmon is far greater 
than that of the other species, because they can be captured in 
numbers when at their best, while the others are usually taken 
only after deterioration. 
The habits of the salmon in the ocean are not easily studied. 
Quinnat and silver salmon of every size are taken with the seine 
at almost any season in Puget sound. The quinnat takes the 
hook freely in Monterey bay, both near the shore and at a dis- 
tance of six or eight miles out. We have reason to believe that 
these two species do not necessarily seek great depths, but prob- 
ably remain not very far from the mouth of the rivers in which 
they were spawned. 
The blue-back and the dog salmon probably seek deeper 
water, as the former is seldom or never taken with the seine in 
the ocean, and the latter is known to enter the Straits of Fuca at 
the spawning season. 
The great majority of the quinnat salmon and nearly all the 
blue-back salmon enter the rivers in the spring. The run of both 
begins generally the last of March; it lasts, with various modifi- 
cations and interruptions, until the actual spawning season in 
November ; the time of running and the proportionate amount of 
