182 Observations on the Salmon of the Pacific. [ March, 
nally, and the color is dependent neither on age nor sex. There 
is said to be no difference in the taste, but there is no market for 
canned salmon not of the conventional orange color. 
As the season advances, the differences between the males and 
the females become more and more marked, and keep pace with 
the development of the milt, as is shown by dissection. 
The males have: (a.) The premaxillaries and the tip of the 
lower jaw more and more prolonged, both of them becoming 
finally strongly and often extravagantly hooked, so that either 
they shut by the side of each other like shears, or else the mouth 
cannot be closed. (4.) The front teeth become very long and 
canine-like, their growth proceeding very rapidly, until they are 
often half aninch long. (c.) The teeth on the vomer and tongue 
often disappear. (d.) The body grows more compressed and 
deeper at the shoulders, so that a very distinct hump is formed; 
this is more developed in O. gorbuscha, but is found in all. (¢.) 
The scales disappear, especially on the back, by the growth of 
spongy skin. (/) The color changes from silvery to various 
shades of black and red or blotchy, according to the species. 
The blue-back turns rosy red, the dog salmon a dull, blotchy red, 
and the quinnat generally blackish. 
These distorted males are commonly considered worthless, 
rejected by the canners and salmon-salters, but preserved by the 
Indians. These changes are due solely to influences connected 
with the growth of the testes. They are not in any way due to 
the action of fresh water. They take place at about the same time 
in the adult males of all species, whether in the ocean or in the 
rivers. At the time of the spring runs, all are symmetrical. In 
the fall, all males of whatever species are more or less distorted. 
Among the dog salmon, which run only in the fall, the males are 
hook-jawed and red-blotched when they first enter the Straits of 
Fuca from the outside. The hump-back, taken in salt water 
about Seattle, shows the same peculiarities. The male is slab- 
sided, hook-billed and distorted, and is rejected by the canners. 
No hook-jawed females of any species have been seen. 
It is not positively known that any hook-jawed male survives 
the reproductive act. Ifany do, their jaws must resume the nor- 
mal form. 
On first entering a stream the salmon swim about as if playing: 
they always head towards the current, and this “ playing’ may be 
