1881.] The Relation of Apiculture to Science. 199 
The worker bees are imperfectly developed females, which from 
receiving less and different food, while larve, are immature in 
their sexual development. A worker larva, less than three days 
from hatching, will, if given more and richer food, develop into a 
queen. If an apiarist allows a colony to go queenless for a long 
time, fertile workers are almost sure to appear, from whose eggs, 
however, none but drones are produced. Some apiarists suppose 
that such workers receive, perhaps by accident, a richer and more 
abundant pabulum. I have wondered if this might not verify 
Lamarck’s idea of evolution. The bee desires eggs, and the 
deeply felt want induces the extra ovarian development. 
The worker bees are shorter than the drones and queen, and 
less robust than are the drones. Their wings are small but 
strong, and move very rapidly in flight. When the bees are 
angry the rapidity is still more marked, and there is a correspond- 
ing increase of pitch to the hum. 
The workers, as the name implies, do all the work of the hive, 
hence a reason for their better developed mandibles, with which 
they cut comb, remove cappings and dig pollen from the cells; 
their longer tongues and maxilla, with which they extract nectar 
from deep tubular flowers, and the deep baskets on their posterior 
tibiz and basal tarsi, which are wanting in the queen and drones, 
in which they carry pollen and propolis to their hives. As they 
protect the hives from intrusion, they need and possess a better 
developed sting than that of the queen, which is only used in 
dispatching rivals. 
By the introduction of Italian bees, which differ greatly in 
color from the German or black bees, bee-keepers have learned 
that the old bees, for the most part gather the honey pollen and 
propolis while the young bees remain within the hive and se¢rete 
the wax, build the comb, feed the brood and cap the brood cells, 
though the old bees will do the work of the young ones if for 
any reason the natural equilibrium of the colony is destroyed. 
That bees possess and use the sense of smell, is obvious to the 
apiarist. If he unite two colonies, they often engage in fierce 
combat, which only terminates when one of the parties is van- 
quished. By smoking, sprinkling with an essence, or otherwise 
giving to both the colonies the same scent previous to the union, 
perfect peace and harmony is secured. The same fact leads 
to somewhat similar precautionary measures in introducing 
queens, 
