1881.] Entomology. 241 
renders it quite possible that the insect raay be carried upon cut- 
tings in this “ winter egg’ state, and fully justifies the prohibition 
of the introduction of such, as well as of rooted plants, from any 
country where the insect is known to occur. Indeed, considering 
the rarity of shipment of rooted vines, I strongly believe that the 
insect was originally introduced into Europe from America in the 
“winter egg” state upon cuttings. I would say, therefore, to 
those countries desirous of defending themselves from this scourge, 
that all danger is removed when vines and all parts of vines from 
infested countries are kept out. With such prohibition, all re- 
quirements are met and all legislation that goes beyond this must 
necessarily be hurtful to general industry; while the prohibition 
of traffic in American vines in countries where the grape Phyllox- 
era is known to already occur can have no useful end and may be 
detrimental. 
That the rarity with which the impregnated egg is found 
above ground greatly reduces the chances of Phylloxera introduc- . 
tion by cuttings is true, but in a country desiring protection from 
such a scourge, the remotest chance should not ‘be risked. Mr. 
Bush is wrong in supposing that this egg may not occur on one 
year cane. I have found it upon such, and it may even occur 
upon the dried leaf where, in all probability, it is destined to 
perish. 
’ While, therefore, I believe that the laws cannot be too stringent 
in preventing the introduction and use of grape vines in any living 
condition into a non-infected from an infected country, it is equally 
true that there is no danger in the mere passage through such a 
country of such vines or cuttings. These are necessarily boxed, 
and can only be safely and properly shipped during the cold or 
non-growing season, when the egg is dormant, so that there is a 
practical impossibility in the introduction of the insect by the 
meére passage, whether of vines or cuttings.—C. V. Riley. 
CECROPIA COCOONS PUNCTURED BY THE Harry WoODPECKER.— 
One of the most interesting as well as difficult problems in ento- 
mology, is the relation which the cocoon sustains to the pupa, 
and the various ways in which the cocoon offers protection to the 
pupa or future imago. In particular is this true of the Lepidop- 
tera. That cocoons to an extent equalize rapid changes of tem- 
perature and prevent the loss of moisture by the pupa, is beyond 
a doubt. But that they offer protection against other natural 
destructive agencies, such as mice and birds, is, in the case of the _ 
atter, to a certain extent untrue. There is at least one bird, the 
hairy woodpecker (Picus villosus Linn.), from whose beak the 
staunch cocoon of the Cecropia offer no protection whatever. — 
In the early part of the winter of 1879-80, I noticed one of 
these birds clinging toa twig, pecking away at the parchment-like 
covering of a cocoon attached thereto, in a manner that amused 
me very much, and I was hugely enjoying its (as I supposed) vain 
