354 Endocranium and Maxillary Suspensorium of the Bee. |May, 
such parts. The few references to them already published, are 
not distinguished by accuracy. Yet it is patent that all efforts to 
evolve an insect’s embryology, or to give the rationale of its 
head, ought to include as a preliminary study the structure of its 
internal economy. In our present essay it is proposed to exam- 
ine these parts in the honey-bee, and to compare them with their 
representatives in a few other insects. 
The upper part of a bee’s cranium consists of three parts, epi- 
cranium (Fig. 1, Ec), clypeus (c) and labrum (LR). 
The epicranium is the crown, extending from the 
occipital foramen at back of the head, right over 
the vertex, to a transverse suture in front of the 
insertion of the antennz (ar). It covers the entire 
yeti roof and back of the head, and is medially divided 
nal view of ver. in many insects (especially in larvz) into right and 
tex ofbee’s skull. Jeft sections. It is flanked on both sides by the 
EC, epicranium ; ; ; 
AT, position of large compound eyes (oc), and is continuous with 
praatpwegedl 3 ie the cheeks which form the sides of the skull in 
man- front of the eyes (Gc). 
coe elias se; oe. A remarkable feature of the epicranial region 
ular or com- js that it has no endodemes, no such ridges or 1n- 
dese Ay foldings as to hold out any suggestion of a tendency 
to segmentation. It has a few ridges near the occipital foramen, 
-and a rim around the eyes and sometimes about the root of the 
antennz ; but we have found no trace of latent segmentation in 
this region. This goes against the doctrine that the antenne 
represent a segment in the head; and recent discoveries in em- 
bryology indicate the same conclusion. 
The clypeus, or “face,” is the roof of the mouth cavity. At 
its lateral borders it affords insertion to the mandibular condyles. 
(In the Doryphora, or potato-beetle, it is curiously turned in wit 
sockets at its angles for the mandibles.) It also shows such invo- 
lutions as to bring it into close relations with the endocranial 
system. Its posterior border (that next the epicranium) ben 
down into a hard transverse ridge, with thick outgrowths at the 
-postero-lateral angles. From these outgrowths descend two pil- 
1 Balfour denies to the procephalic region any correspondence with somites of the 
body, and says that “the antennz can hardly be considered to have the same pe 
phological value as the succeeding appendages,’’ (Comparative Embryology, sd 
_ 1, p- 337-) 
