1881. ] Recent Literature. 645 . 
imposed upon them by the north, the south, the east, or the west, 
cold or heat, plain or mountain. Diverging in every direction, 
and meeting with different conditions of life, they gradually 
established a harmony between themselves and each one of them. 
Thus acclimatization, advancing at the same rate as geographical 
conquest, was less fatal. The struggle, however, though mitigated 
indeed by the slowness of the advance, still existed, and many 
pioneers must have fallen upon the route. But the survivors had 
only nature to face, and, therefore, succeded, and peopled the 
orld.” 
The studies of our author and the facts he presents are ex- 
tremely interesting, as well as original and most valuable to the 
zoologist. How he looks upon primitive man may be seen by 
another extract, which reads as if written by a confirmed evolu- 
tionist. 
“The primitive type of the human species must necessarily 
have been effaced, and have disappeared. The enforced migra- 
tions, and the actions of climate, must of themselves have produced 
this result. Man has passed through two geological epochs ; 
perhaps his center of appearance is no longer in existence; at 
any rate, the conditions are very different to those prevailing 
when humanity began its existence. When everything was 
agents, if they remain constant, agents of stabilization. In bo 
cases their result is to harmonize organisms with the conditions 
of their existence. Heredity, which is essentially a preserving 
agent, becomes an agent of variation when it transmits and ac- 
cumulates the modifying actions of the conditions ole 
De Quatrefages in opposition to Lubbock and others claims, 
