405 PIPING PLOVER. ipa 
forming it are scattered by Illiger through his Campestres, 
Inttorales, and Limicole ; by Cuvier and Latreille divided 
between their Longirostres and Pressirostres ; by Vieillot 
placed in Pedionomi, Avgialites, and Helionomi; in Tachi- 
dromt and Limose by Ranzani and Savi; in Charadriade and 
Scolopacide by Vigors, &c. 
Our genus Charadrius has different limits from those of 
perhaps any recent or former author, being more extensive 
than in many, but more contracted than that of Wagler, 
which comprehends all our typical Charadride. Linné, who 
made it a sort of receptacle for nearly all three-toed waders, 
has placed in 7ringa some of our plovers that are furnished 
with a rudiment of hind toe, and the same has been done by 
Gmelin, Latham, Illiger, and even, though to a less extent, 
by Cuvier. As long since restricted by the separation of 
Himantopus and Calidris, which are not of the same family, 
and of Gfdienemus, which truly is, it is much more natural ; 
especially if with Wilson we unite with it, as Nature dictates, 
those species that happen to possess the rudiment of a fourth 
toe. Among the earlier writers, Brisson was the first who 
assigned more natural limits to the genus, which he called 
Pluviatis, and his two well-enough composed genera, 
Pluvialis and Vanellus, include all our plovers. Cuvier, 
Temminck, Vieillot, and Ranzani place the four-toed plovers 
with the lapwings, Vanellus. Savi more recently has evinced 
his good judgment by separating them at least from Vanellus, 
if he does not unite them with Charadrius, which his pro- 
fessedly artificial system did not allow. 
I distinguish two subgenera in my extensive genus Oha- 
radrius, regarding Squatarola of Cuvier and Savi as no more 
than a section of my first subgenus, of so little importance do I 
consider the anomaly of the hind toe, the sole characteristic 
of that artificial group. ‘These subgenera are—l. Pluvialis, 
for the large mottled species without a collar, and with varie- 
gated plumage. Such are,amongst the three-toed, the European 
and Asiatic C. pluvialis and morinellus, and the American 
