GOOSANDER. 485 



and nearly one inch thick at the base, serrated on both mandi- 

 bles, the upper overhanging at the tip, where each is furnished 

 with a large nail ; the ridge of the bill is black ; the sides, 

 crimson red ; iricles, red ; head, crested, tumid, and of a black 

 colour, glossed with green, which extends nearly half way 

 down the neck, the rest of which, with the breast and belly, 

 are white, tinged with a delicate yellowish cream ; back, and 

 adjoining scapulars, black ; primaries, and shoulder of the 

 wing, brownish black ; exterior part of the scapulars, lesser 

 coverts, and tertials, white ; secondaries, neatly edged with 

 black ; greater coverts, white ; their upper halves, black, form- 

 ing a bar on the wing ; rest of the upper parts and tail, 

 brownish ash ; legs and feet, the colour of red sealing-wax ; 

 flanks, marked with fine semicircular dotted lines of deep 

 brown ; the tail extends about three inches beyond the wings. 

 This description was taken from a full-plumaged male. 

 The young males, which are generally much more numerous 

 than the old ones, so exactly resemble the females in their 

 plumage for at least the first and part of the second year, as 

 scarcely to be distinguished from them ; and, what is somewhat 

 singular, the crests of these and of the females are actually 

 longer than those of the full-grown male, though thinner 

 towards its extremities. These circumstances have induced 

 some late ornithologists to consider them as two different 

 species, the young or female having been called the dun 

 diver. By this arrangement they have entirely deprived the 

 goosander of his female ; for, in the whole of my examinations 

 and dissections of the present species, I have never yet found 

 the female in his dress. What I consider as undoubtedly 

 the true female of this species is figured beside him. They 

 were both shot in the month of April, in the same creek, 

 unaccompanied by any other ; and, on examination, the sexual 

 parts of each were strongly and prominently marked. The 

 windpipe of the female had nothing remarkable in it ; that 

 of the male had two very large expansions, which have been 

 briefly described by Willoughby, who says, " It hath a large 



