MANURING OF ESTATES. ~ 79 
dépéts at distances that it will pay to carry all to. 
This would remove the objection s0 common that heavy 
cowposts can be applied only close to roads. In ad- 
dition to weeds and prunings, compost heaps can_ be 
formed wherever there is patana land, as in some dis- 
tricts, and swamps. These must not be applied crude 
and sour, but after thorough manipulation and always 
with the addition say of half a pound of bones, or 
half that quantity of Sombreorum or other highly con- 
centrated preparations. 
When patanas adjoin an estate it is customary to 
have cattle sheds at different points. When both 
estate and native cattle are housed, the natives will 
bring their cattle in considerable numbers for a small 
payment per head; thus one stone can be made to kill 
two birds, make valuable manure and alleviate cattle 
trespess. Itis advisable always to put a small quani!- 
ty of some artificial manure with all cattle dung 
and composts, it makes them go further and im- 
proves the latter. The approved modes of application 
are different in new and old coffee; the first has not 
suffered from wash and is easy work. A _ hole to each 
tree is better than one to four, the semicircular nine 
inches by four, above the tree, or what I have seen 
answer remarkably well in a shallow hole all round 
the tree and close to the stem. In this mode of 
application great care is necessary that none of the 
large rootsare cut. The manure, well mixed with soil, is 
appled immediately over these. Manuring old coffee is 
as difficult work as new coffee is easy. In old washed 
places where tons upon tons of the soil have gone to 
fertilize Neptune’s garden and the trees stand out of 
the ground as boys grown out of their trowsers, it 
is not an easy matter to place the manure where the 
trees can get it. Where stones are plentiful it is a 
good plan, and not very expensive, to build a small 
terrace to every tree, and then the manure well 
mixed, with the best soil procurable out of the holes 
usually dug for the manure above the trees, is shaken 
in among the roots and all well covered, the holes 
left open as an open trench, and the sediment col- 
lecting in them should be put round the tree every 
time they are cleared out. Where stones are not pro- 
curable, the best must be done with the soil alone. 
Much of the disappointment arising from manuring 
not realizing expectations is caused first from the use 
of over-stimulants ; and secondly, the trees being al- 
lowed to over-bear without further timely aid being 
afforded them. How often one hears the remark: 
Such and such a manure put a splendid crop on that 
field but did not ripen it. A manager knows when 
trees have more crop than they can ripen, or just 
