MANURING COFFEE, 19] 
that cattle were valuable as relieving coolies of work 
which they disliked, while the manure yielded even 
by non-working cattle was valuable, with pulp and 
‘* ravine stuff” to supplement artificial manures which 
in many portionsof this country became excessively 
costly, not merely by the freight charges from Europe, 
India, Australia, &c., tothe port of import, Lut by 
the fearful cost of land carriage when conducted for 
long distances by cattle. It would have to be added that, 
high as the cost was, the bullock bandy owners made 
often a loss rather than a profit, from the expensive- 
ness of cattle food, aud the effects of hard work 
and exposure in this wet climate on the cattle them- 
selves, He would soon see that our great want was 
EXTENSION OF CHEAP FACILITIES OF CARRIAGE BY RAIL- 
way. But, even as matter stand, we suspect he would 
shake his head about keeping cattle merely for their 
manure and recommend planters instead to use what 
he calls his ‘‘ NORMAL MANURE” consisting of nitro- 
gen, phosphoric acid, potash and lime. The other ten 
ingredients of plants exist in all soils, or are yielded 
by the air, and need not be supplied. Not only the 
vegetation but the cattle fed on it are made up of 
16 parts, 4 only of which have to be supplied in feed- 
them! Leaving cattle aside, for the present let us 
look at the composition of such a grain as wheat, 
straw and grain. According to M. Ville 93°55 parts 
are derived from the air :— 
Carbon (not far short of one-half of 
the plant)... 8 1.01 4U269 
Hydrogen ... ro Jute SOO4 
Oxygen ... 40°42 
Then come 3:386 per cent of constituents with which 
the soil is superabundantly provided and which it is 
quite necessary to add to it, viz. :— 
Soda... je 0°09 
Magnesia as ae 0°20 
Sulphuric acid ... die 0:31 
Chlorine wile bias 0°03 
Ferric oxide oe M3 0° 006 
Silica ef a 2°75 
Manganese ; ? 
And now, most important of all to the practical agri- 
culturist, we come to 3 per cent of constituents which 
the soil possesses only toa limited extent, and the 
deficiency of which must be supplied by artificial 
manure, viz. :— 
Nitrogen .. ab aus ... 1:60 
Phosphoric acid... i we 0°45 
Potash adh 0-66 
Lime... ba nn 0-29 
