666 The American Naturalist. [July, 
mines. Three of these forms, Psewdocidaris saussurei Loriol, Holectypus 
castillo Cotteau, and Heteraster mexicanus, are peculiar to Mexico, but 
the three others have previously been found outside of that country. 
Diplopodia malbosi is common enough in France in the aptian, as is 
also Salemia prestnesis Desor. Laniera lumen, from the higher cre- 
taceous beds, is sufficiently common in Cuba. 
According to M. A. de Grossenore, the callovian beds east and west 
of the primitive mass of La Vendee have some fossils, unlike those of 
the Paris basin, but like those of the callovian of the Alps and Car- 
pathians. Terebratula antiplecta occurs here, and is also found in the 
Tyrol and in Galicia. There also occur Terebratule of the groups 
nucleata and bivallata, and Rhynchonella acutiloba. The callovian of 
Cape Mondago (Portugal) is analogous. 
Tertiary.—The discovery of a new mandible of Dryopithecus has 
recently led M. A, Gaudry to compare it with the lower jaw of man 
and of the existing apes, with the result that it proves to be inferior in 
type, not only to the former, but to most of the latter. The length- 
ened jaw and the contracted space left for the tongue are the two 
points chiefly dwelt upon. In these respects the gorilla is below the 
orang, which again is inferior to the chimpanzee. M. A. Milne-Ed- 
wards stated that the Dryopithecus was nearer to the gorilla than to 
any other existing ape, and that the prognathism of the jaw was so 
_ excessive that one might suppose the animal to have been quadrupedal. 
A giantexample of a fossil tortoise, with a carapace five feet and 
a half in length and rather more than three feet nine inches wide, has 
been discovered by M. Deperet in the red clays of the upper Miocene 
of Mont Leberon. Portions of this species had been previously found 
by M. A. Gaudry, but the present specimen was in astonishingly com- 
plete preservation, the body standing nearly in a natural position in 
the side of a ravine. The carapace was somewhat crushed with the 
superincumbent weight. This tortoise is larger than any other known 
living or fossil form except 7: aflas of the Himalayas. It is, however, 
so very near in all important characters to Testudo perpiniana, which 
occurs in the environs of Paris, and has been found with a length of 
four feet, that it may probably be best regarded as a variety of that 
species. Though 7. ferfiniana is of Pliocene age, and the new fos- 
sil was found in the uppermost beds of the Miocene, the resemblance 
is great. 
