906 The American Naturalist. [October, 
is still present. And the subconscious impression may be recorded 
as a memory, but not so thoroughly as if the impression were 
more distinct. Thus, the fleeting pictures of dreams are feebly 
impressed and but slightly recorded as memories. Such subcon- 
scious states may well be frequent in animals, especially in those 
where the external conditions are uniform, and new stimuli infre- 
quent, for longer or shorter periods. But vigorous stimuli, as ap- 
peals to the general or special senses, quickly rouse animals, as well 
as man, to intense degrees of consciousness. 
Since the sense-perceptions are well known to exist in animals, 
I will not give further special attention to them. Memory need 
not be especially considered, as its existence is necessary to the 
activity of all mental processes. I therefore proceed to the illus- 
trations of the affections and the reason as observable in animals 
below man. Equally necessary to the existence of both affection 
and reason is association. Association of pleasures or pains with 
given objects forms the basis of liking and disliking, and of 
designed or rational action with regard to them. The more 
especial characters displayed by association will be especially 
treated of under the head of the reason or intelligence. 
2. THE AFFECTIONS. 
Preferences for especial articles of food and drink are known 
to characterize animals, not only on the ground of physiological 
necessity, but for reasons less easily explained. Reasoning from 
our own experience, we may ascribe the latter class of preferences 
to the gustatory sense, which is stimulated by certain flavors, 
and which rejects others. The gustatory sense, together with 
its near ally, the olfactory, is generally a safe guide to the func- 
tion of assimilation, but not always, and in mankind it is often 
quite whimsical. In general, all of the “ appetites” are common 
to man and the other animals. 
More pronounced likes and dislikes are common among ani- 
mals, and these are to be generally attributed to the action of 
association of memories, pleasant and unpleasant. The smell 
and sight of blood create the greatest excitement among animals 
of the ox kind, so much so that even the color red stimulates the 
