189o.] The Evolution of Mind. 907 
antagonistic passions of the bull. The action of association is 
here evident. The dog associates the gun with the chase, and 
as soon as he sees his master take it up his passion for hunting 
his food is aroused, and his joy is demonstrative. Sudden move- 
ments near a hive of bees or a nest of hornets (Vespa maculata) 
are unsafe, as these insects evidently anticipate danger, and pro- 
ceed at once to attack the supposed enemy. The emotion of fear 
of all degrees is well-nigh universal in the animal kingdom, 
as few species, from the Protozoa upwards, do not endeavor to 
escape a present or anticipated danger. In no animal is fear 
more strongly developed than in some of the monkeys. A Cebus 
capucinus and a C. apella in my possession sometimes escaped 
from their cage, and could only be caught aftera vigorous chase. 
In pursuit they became so terrified as to fall in an unconscious 
condition on the floor. They were cold when picked up, but 
they soon recovered. I have never known any other species of 
animal to faint from fright. 
The social affections are seen low in the scale, and the maternal 
instinct is the first to present itself to our notice in the order of 
development. The endeavors of females to protect their eggs 
may be due to the fact that they regard them as part of their own 
bodies, as in the case of spiders, but an altruistic feeling (in the 
selfish sense of the word) must be admitted to be present in the 
exercise of the care of the young. This affection appears spo- 
radically among invertebrate animals, but is very general among 
Vertebrata, becoming a master passion in many of them. The 
attraction of the female for the male is seen in low forms of life, 
where it is transient, and often little or not at all reciprocated on 
the part of the female, so that contrivances for the compulsory 
fertilization of the latter by the former are numerous. In the 
higher forms the affection is more or less reciprocal, and in the 
highest forms a distinct conjugal affection is developed. Whether 
this exists in forms below the birds is uncertain. Rattlesnakes 
associate in pairs, as do also sword-fishes. An account is given 
by Brown Goode of a furious and successful assault on a boat 
made by a sword-fish whose mate had been harpooned and cap- 
tured by the boat’s crew. Mutual affection between two individ- 
