976 The American Naturalist. ` [October, 
evolution of the species, and his facts were derived from the changes 
wrought in the anatomical structure of man. The theory was that 
those elements or peculiarities of the bones and muscles of man which 
by reason of his changed condition from brute to man, from quadru- 
ped to biped, were not used, have largely disappeared, and nothing is 
now found but the vestiges, while those which in the changed condi- 
tion were more used grew and strengthened and became the new 
elements as we find them, but showing signs of their recent origin. 
He said, comparing the human hand with that of the anthropoids, its 
greater efficiency has been produced in two ways: first, increasing the 
mobility of the thumb and fingers; second, reducing the muscles 
used to assist prolonged grasps, they being no longer necessary. The 
latest elements ought to show signs of their recent origin, while those 
going out of use ought to have become vestigial. Of the former are 
the flexor muscles of the thumb and fingers; of the latter is the 
palmaris longus, used for climbing and grasping. These differences 
are more clearly manifested in the negro than in the white race. So 
also the change in the obliquity of the elbow-joint and the axis of the 
humerus, that the hand can be easier carried to the mouth. This is 
marked in the white race when compared with the negro, and still 
more when compared with the anthropoids. 
The scapular index is highest in the white races, less in the infant, 
the negro, the Australians, and still less in anthropoids. 
e epitrachleo-anconeuo, a small muscle at the elbow-joint, is used 
in apes to effect a lateral movement of the ulna upon the humerus, but 
in the white race this lateral motion has been lost, and the muscle has 
degenerated. A perforation of the olecranon fossa may be regarded 
as a reversion towards the anthropoids. The doctor continued these 
illustrations, citing the shoulder-blade, the foot, the great toe, the 
muscles needed for the erect position of man, the head, the spinal 
column, the pelvis, the bladder, the liver. The valves of the veins 
are arranged for a quadrupedal position. Evidently intended to resist 
the action of gravity, they should, to be effective, be found in the 
large vertical trunks. But in the most important of these they are 
wanting. Yet they occur in several horizontal trunks, where they are, 
as far as we know, of no use whatever. Place man on all fours, how- 
ever, and it is seen that the entire system of valves is arranged with 
reference to the action of gravity in that position. The great vessels 
along the spine and the portal system, being then approximately hori- 
zontal, do not require valves; while all the vertical trunks of consider- 
able size, even the intere and jugular veins, are provided with 
