1890.] Anthropology and Prehistoric Archeology. 981 
Prof. Cope continued the comparison of the human brain and the 
chimpanzee’s brain, being especially struck with the smoothness of the 
great convolutions in the brains of the lower types of men, in which they 
resemble the other mammalia. These, he said, are characters that can- 
not be remedied in any brief space of time,—perhaps cannot be 
remedied at all. These differences in the brain involve social and 
political questions. 
‘The brain structure we find in Indo-European races has required cen- 
turies to develop. We are now confronted in this country with the mix- 
ture of two races,—an inferior race which has never done anything 
with a superior race of later origin. The question is, Are we going 
to permit it? I believe we should follow the law of self-preservation, 
and should oppose and resist hybridization. We have before us a 
problem of race depreciation, and statesmen and reformers should 
study the question as Professor Wilder has studied it.” 
Dr. J. A. Houser, of Indianapolis, continued the discussion, saying 
that ‘‘the American people need have no fear of a race whose front 
brain lacks fifteen cubic inches of brain stuff as compared with the 
average. The superior cerebral convolutions of the brain have made 
the laws and governed the world. In all kindness and charity, the 
higher intellect should stoop down and say, ‘I will help you, but you 
shall not control me.’ "' 
The discussion continued into the next paper, which was by Mr. J. 
Muller: ** The Peculiar Effects of One-Sided Occupations on the Anat- 
amy and Physiology." Prof. Cope said: “The subdivisions of the 
higher races of men based upon the features of the face are of little value ; 
in the lower races the divisions based on such peculiarities are more 
constant. "Deep-seated anatomical characters are not easily altered by 
occupations; only superficial characters are so altered. A man with 
a flat shin bone is nearer the ape in relationship than a man with a 
triangular shin bone, A man with a tritubercular teeth is in that degree 
further from the ape. The shin bone, the tubercles, and the hyoid 
bone have characters which are not soon eradicated, and whose signifi- 
cance must not be forgotten. The tendency of the two last bones of the 
little toe to unite is a sign of advancement. The little toe is, in 
short, going out of existence. ‘The man whose little toe-joints are 
anchylosed is a further remove from the ape. In the Hottentot, on 
the contrary, we have anchylosis of the bones of the nose, relating him 
to the lower primates. The science of paleontology comes in play 
here and gives us aid. These characters, like the flat shin bone and 
the smooth brow, are not easily overcome. They are deep-seated. We 
