1004 The American Naturalist. [November 
their slaves. The latter care for their young, and even procure 
food for the adults. This habit is an illustration of a misdirection 
of intelligence. Originating in an intelligent appreciation of 
what the slave ants could do for them, they have become so de- 
pendent on the latter as to have lost some of the most important 
functions of self-preservation, so that their persistence in future 
time is necessarily more precarious than that of any other type of 
ants, ceteris paribus. 
The fact that the practice of stirpiculture and social division of 
labor, with the laying up of food supplies, has developed inde- 
pendently in three different phyla is of much interest. These 
habits are exhibited by the Formicide and Apidz of the order 
Hymenoptera, and by the Termitidz of the Neuroptera. 
The habits of the beaver display intelligence in two directions. 
They adopt an effective measure of security in building their 
dams so as to flood the entrances to their houses, thus protecting 
themselves from many foes. Secondly, they display mechanical 
skill in the construction of the dams, and in the location of their 
houses. 
Some of the monkeys are the most intelligent of the animals: 
below man. I had in confinement for several years three species 
of the South American family of the Cebidze, which stands lower 
in the scale than the monkeys of the Old World. One of these 
was an Ateles, and it was rather stupid. The others were the 
Cebus capucinus and the C. apella. The former was the more in- 
telligent. I have already referred to the tendency of these species 
to syncope under extreme fear. The C. capucinus, possessed un- 
limited curiosity. Everything that came into its possession was 
closely scrutinized, and would be broken up, if possible, and the 
interior examined. It used sticks and stones for its purposes, 
much as is done by man. With the former it reached for objects 
not otherwise attainable, and in their absence would unfasten the 
leather strap that passed round its waist, and whip in desirable 
objects by throwing the free end round them. Sticks were used 
in defence, and were either thrown or held in the hand by one 
end. Pounding the shining sconce of a bald-headed friend was 
an amusement for which it was always ready. It threw stones 
