1006 The American Naturalist. [November, 
ejaculations of hostility and open mouth, looking frequently to 
his master for approval. 
When inclined to be sociable he made rapid movements of the 
jaws and lips as though endeavoring to talk, an appearance which 
was increased by the attitudes of the head and the inquiring ex- 
pression of the eyes. The same habit is to be observed in the 
Old World monkeys, as in Cercopitheci and baboons. It appears 
to be one of the preliminary endeavors which in the ancestors of 
man led to the function of speech. 
Deliberation and Judgment—The condition of deliberation isa 
restraint of intended action in view of alternatives and uncertain- 
_ ties. This attitude of mind requires attention. As such action 
involves an intention, more or less distinct, it presupposes also an 
inductive basis of knowledge, and a deductive application of the 
same in practice. 
Attention is commonly observed in animals, even of the lower 
types. A slight stimulus, as a sound, will arouse it, and it will be 
often continued long after this stimulus has ceased. This is com- 
monly observed in Mammalia and in birds. It is well exhibited by 
tortoises and by snakes. The snake-like lizard, Opheosaurus ven- 
tralis, is easily tamed, and displays careful attention to the move- 
ments of its master. 
Deliberation is seen in the careful selection of a suitable place 
for the deposit of eggs by a great many animals. Urged on by 
the emotion of egg-laying the animal restrains its desire until a 
place is found when the precious property can be safely concealed 
from the eyes of enemies. This kind of deliberation is seen as 
far down as the fishes, and the insects probably exhibit it as well. 
It is also seen in the careful examination of articles which may 
or may not be edible. Monkeys are untiring investigators, and 
they often scrutinize and critically taste objects with an evident 
view of ascertaining their character as edible or not. Carnivora 
pursue the same object by the use of the sense of smell. Fowls 
and other birds often deliberate over a doubtful object. 
A dog will deliberate as to whether another dog or another 
animal is hostile or dangerous or not. An amusing illustration 
of this faculty is seen in the close consideration which a dog will 
