1890.] The Evolution of Mind. 1007 
give to an insect which more or less resembles a bee or wasp. I 
have seen a bull-dog examine with care a large fly which resem- 
bles a bee, and evince much doubt as to whether it might be 
safely snapped up or not. When urged to attack the dog would 
do so with lips retracted and dripping with saliva, so that the 
teeth only might come into contact with the suspicious insect. 
This amusing illustration is well represented by a Belgian painter 
in a picture exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1878. 
In forming a decision on deliberation an animal performs an 
act of judgment. Like a concept, a judgment may be very 
simple or it may be complex. Its grades depend exactly on the 
grade of the percepts or concepts which are compared. But 
whether simple or complex, the formation of judgment isa meta- ' 
physical act. It results from a comparison of memories of per- 
cepts, or of generalizations derived from concepts of all degrees 
of generality. 
Self-Consciousness —This is a grade of consciousness which is 
probably found only in the human species, and is probably want- 
ing to the lowest of human races. It is the introspection which 
occupies itself with one’s own mental states. It more frequently 
occupies itself with past than with present mental states, for man 
is not accustomed to reflect on the character of his own mental 
acts when in action. He is conscious of them, as he is conscious 
of the movements of his own body, and he may also be as uncon- 
scious of the one as he is of the other. Moreover, self-conscious- 
ness may extend to the simplest mental acts as well as to the 
most complex. Hence I cannot agree with Mr. Romanes, who 
makes self-consciousness the condition of the formation of a con- 
cept. Nor can I think he has used the word subject in the usual 
sense when he restricts it to the self-conscious mind. The sub- 
ject is that which is conscious in any degree, as distinguished 
from object, which is that of which the subject is conscious. So 
the insect, feeling pain, is quite as much a subject as a self- 
conscious man. Self-consciousness is a form of consciousness 
possible only to the highest grade of intelligence. In its exer- 
cise the subject becomes an object, when it is well termed the 
“ subject-object.” We have no certainty that any animals pos- 
