1890.] Geography and Travel. 1063 
in series of from two to six valleys, arranged in a linear direction, and 
only separated from each other by narrow mountain-ridges, at an ele- 
vation above sea level of from six hundred to twelve hundred feet. 
Such a linear arrangement of crater-valleys we encounter on the vol- 
canic side of Honduras, the Pacific coast, in the neighborhood of the 
village of Langli. 
Before reaching the village we arrive at the foot of the volcanic 
range, the top of which is provided with a series of craters, formerly 
the theatre of fiery eruptions, now partly covered with vegetation and 
inhabited by man. 
We ascend the ridge of the mountain range and arrive at its top, 
when we descend its steep slope, traverse the plain of the valley, and 
ascending again we find on the top, below us, an exact similar valley 
as that of Langli, and so on until we have traversed the whole range. 
This form of ranges, with their tops provided with a series of fun- 
nels or craters, has great resemblance to those which I have previously 
described as presenting a series of peaks or cones on their summits 
arranged in a lınear succession. In fact, we may call it the same, with 
the only difference that in the first-mentioned case the figure of the 
peak or cone is most prominent, whilst in the second case (the valley 
arrangement) the form of the crater or funnel is more decidedly ex- 
pressed by nature. These two mountain forms stand in the relation to 
each other as do the matrix and the mould. 
Our third class of valleys—the erosive valleys—are, as their name 
expresses, caused by the erosive action of water, and are the products 
of the drainage of Honduras. They are of comparatively modern 
origin, and ‘contain river beds which during the rainy season carry 
enormous masses of water, producing further erosion, and with it an 
extension of the valleys in regard to width and depth. 
In order to obtain a complete survey of the various past epochs up 
to the present time let us once more return fo the tertiary period. 
The idyllic and picturesque valleys of the present Honduras were 
then for the greater part the theatre of volcanic activity. After a long 
elapse of time the fiery, eruptive zones cooled down, assisted in this 
process by water, which came in the form of rain or aqueous ebullitions 
from the craters. A great number of these craters became thus filled 
up with water, forming lakes. By aid of the drainage of the volcanic 
mountain slope, which enclosed, as previously mentioned, large tracts 
of land, thus forming valleys, the latter were transformed into basins, 
