1896.] A New Factor in Evolution. 539 
life be justified from the point of view of a second utility in 
addition to that of its utility in the struggle for existence as 
ordinarily understood, the second utility, ʻi. e., of giving to each 
generation the attainments of the past which natural inherit- 
ance is inadequate to transmit. When social life begins, we 
find the beginning of the artificial selection of the unfit; 
and this negative principle begins to work directly in the 
teeth of progress, as many writers on social themes have re- 
cently made clear. This being the case, some other resource 
is necessary besides natural inheritance. On my hypothesis it 
is found in the common or social standards of attainment 
which the individual is fitted to grow up to and to which he 
is compelled to submit. This secures progress in two ways: 
First, by making the individual learn what the race has 
learned, thus preventing social retrogression, in any case; and 
second, by putting a direct premium on variations which are 
socially available ” (ref. 3). 
4. The two ways of securing development in determinate di- 
rections—the purely extra-organic way of Social Heredity, and 
the way by which Organic Selection in general (both by social 
and by other ontogenetic adaptations) secures the fixing of 
phylogenetic variations, as described above—seem to run 
parallel. Their conjoint influence is seen most interestingly 
ingly in the complex instincts (ref. 4,5). We find in some in- 
stincts completely reflex or congenital functions which are 
accounted for by Organic Selection. In other instincts we find 
only partial coédrdinations ready given by heredity, and the 
creature actually depending upon some conscious resource 
(imitation, instruction, ete.) to bring the instinct into actual 
operation. But as we come up in the line of phylogenetic 
development, both processes may be present for the same func- 
tion ; the intelligence of the creature may lead him to do con- 
sciously what he also does instinctively. In these cases the 
additional utility gained by the double performance accounts 
for the duplication. It has arisen either (1) by the accumula- 
tion of congenital variations in creatures which already per- 
formed the action (by ontogenetic adaptation and handed it 
down socially), or (2) the reverse. In the animals, the social 
