1896.] The Oldest Civilized Men. 617 
of Nineveh whose monuments were revealed to Europe by the 
labors of Rawlinson, thirty-five years ago? Heuzey declares 
them to have been older than the Assyrians, and this position 
is proven by Hilprecht, who believes their earliest king whose 
name is preserved in the records of Nippur, Enshagsagana, to 
have lived 4500 B.C. Many kings intervened between him 
and Sargon I with whom Assyrian history for a long time 
commenced. These people were predecessors of the Assyrians of 
Nineveh, and gave them their cuneiform characters, but they 
differed from them in customs, and to some extent in language. 
One marked difference of custom, was the fashion of shaving 
the hair from all parts of the head excepting the eyebrows. 
Everyone knows on the contrary that the Ninevites took great 
pride in their hair, and that both on the calvarium and face it 
was curled and arranged with great care. The figures also show 
that the Sumerians did not practice circumcision as most 
Semitic and some other races have done. 
The shaving enables as to get a pretty good idea of the form 
of the head and face. The skull is oval, rather long and flat, 
and probably mesaticephalic. The jaws both upper and lower, 
are remarkably small, giving an extreme orthognathic type 
The nose is remarkably long, prominent and curved, with a 
good bridge. The eyes are large, horizontal, and not bridled. 
The cheek-bones are not large, and.in the supposed gods, where 
the hair remains, and in a few other unshaved portraits, the 
beard is abundant, and the ends of the hair of the calvarium 
curled up. The figure of the body is robust, broad and rather 
short. The extensor muscles, i. e. gluteus, quadriceps, and 
gastrocnemius are well developed. i 
From the above it is evident that no thought of Mongolian 
(=turanian) or Ethiopian relationship can be admitted. After 
a study of some of the least characteristic heads broken from 
statues, M. Heuzey remarks, that “ the evidence is not sufficient 
to demonstrate the existence of Turanians in Chaldea.” These 
people are clearly of the great Indoeuropean subspecies of man 
(Homo sapiens caucasicus), so that the question reduces itself to 
one of the determination of their race position. Are they 
_ Aryans, or Semitics? using these two terms as covering all the 
forms of the greater subspecies to which they belong. In the 
