644 The American Naturalist. (August, 
each of these cups or “ Becher” there descends into the gen- 
eral fibrillar substance of the brain a column of fibrillar sub- 
stance which unites with its fellow of the same side to send a 
large branch obliquely downwards to the median line of the 
brain and an equally large or larger branch straight forwards 
to the anterior cerebellar surface. (Fig. B.) 
Long before our present methods of sectioning and staining 
had found general application in the study of animal structure, 
or as early as 1850, the French naturalist, Dujardin, discovered 
these bodies in transparent preparations in toto of the brains of 
certain Hymenoptera and Orthoptera. From their somewhat 
folded appearance he describes them as “ lobes à convolutiones,” 
and compared them with the convolutions of the human brain, 
and even thought them associated with hexapod intelligence. 
Fourteen years later, Leydig, using the same methods confirmed 
Dujardin’s discovery in working with the brains of the ant, bee, 
and wasp, and described them as “gestielter Körper.” In 1875 
Rabl-Riickhard identified the bodies in Gryllus italicus, Locusta 
- viridissima, and Dycticus verrucornis, and correctly described 
the form of the “ cup” under the term “ Rind Körper.” The 
very next year (’76) Dietl’s application of the section method 
to the subject confirmed and perfected previous descriptions, 
and, struck with the resemblance to mushrooms, he adopted 
the name of “ Pilzhutformiger Körper,” a conception later used 
by Packard (mushroom bodies) and by Bellocici (’82) (corpo 
fungiformo). 
As to the intellectual function of the bodies, not all of the 
early writers supported Dujardin’s inference. They were sup- 
posed to be connected with sight; but Rabl-Riickhard showed 
that they are fully developed in a blind African ant (Typhlo- 
pone). Dietl was loth to acknowledge an intellectual function, 
even though he found the organs more highly developed in 
Hymenoptera than in Orthoptera. But Forel (’74) adhered to 
Dujardin’s supposition, and showed that among Hymenoptera 
even of the same species the bodies are most prominent where 
one usually recognizes most intelligence, as in the worker bees 
and ants, while they are small in the females and the males. 
Brandt (’76) two years laterin a note on the brain of Hymen- 
