706 The American Naturalist. [September, 
when does it sum itself up with reference to the heightened 
motor discharge? For this last, we had supposed, resulted 
immediately upon the arrival of the sensory impulse at the 
brain, and cannot be permitted a long delay if it is to join in 
“Circular Reaction” with the passing stimulus. 
Surely here is a puzzle! Let us endeavor to follow a con- 
crete example; and again it shall be Mr. Baldwin’s own, 
wherein he explicitly describes the sort of betterment that gives 
pleasure and “heightened discharge.” When the sun shines 
on a creature its warmth promotes nourishment and other vege- 
tative functions. Let us say now that it heightens digestion 
from a usual period of two or three hoursto one of twenty min- 
utes. When, then, does the “ central discharge” begin to be “ height- 
ened” by this betterment in order to complete Mr. Baldwin’s “ Circu- 
lar Reaction ?”, Also, just how does the benefit gather itself together 
from the bowels to express itself as the pleasure of the original sensa- 
tion ; 1. e., the sensation of warmth that came at the beginning of the 
twenty minutes? A diagram drawn to scale of these physiolog- 
ical activities, and with their space and time processes ac- 
curately portrayed, would facilitate the acceptance of Mr. 
Baldwin’s “ New Factor” among scientists generally. 
But, of course, all this is doing the utmost of injustice to 
Mr. Baldwin’s “ New Factor.” For, is it not a psychic factor ? 
And is it not the essence of psychic factors to surmount all 
lawful relations of space and intensity? How absurb of me 
to attempt to trace the benefits and detriments of the sun’s 
rays through the viscera to the “ heightening ” and “ restrict- 
ing” of central discharges! Pleasure and pain, of course, are 
super-spacial and super-temporal fiats that leap all physical 
difficulties and bounds. Only why, then, does Mr. Baldwin 
take the trouble to localize them as central? Or why declare 
them to have any mechanical relationship with motor dis- 
charges? It is just here that I must plead it to have been 
most natural for me to have been mislead to conceiving that 
the “ central” processes of pleasure have some lawful articula- 
tion with the incoming sensory impulse, since they are ex- 
plicitly declared to have both temporal and spatial articulation 
with the outgoing motor discharges. But, perhaps, Mr. Bald- 
