1896,] Psychology. 849 
system that enables us to say that they are mental. So all this evi- 
dence goes, after all, to show a correspondence between the mental and < 
the conscious. This Prof. Lipps does not seem to see, and his treatment 
of the question from a purely verbal and analytic point of view was 
consequently very inadequate. 
In the higher fields of ethics and anthropology there were interesting 
papers, of which my space allows the mention of only one on “ Ethical 
Values,” by Prof. Ehrenfels (just called from Vienna to Prague), and 
one on the “Category of Individuality in Savage Thought,” by Mr. 
Stout, the editor of Mind. Mr. Stout, I may add, has just been called 
to a lectureship in comparative psychology in the University of Aber- 
deen—a novelty for the British Isles, but appropriate in the institution 
which Prof. Bain has made famous in connection with psychological 
study. The next Congress is to meet in Paris in 1900 in connection 
with the Universal Exposition. Prof. Ribot will be President ; M. Ch. 
Richet, Vice-President, and M. Pierre Janet, Secretary. The Interna- 
tional Committee for the Paris meeting has the following American 
representatives: Profs. James (Harvard), Titchener (Cornell), Hall 
(Clark), and Baldwin (Princeton). 
I cannot close this letter without referring—with profound regret, 
which many other American students of philosophy must also feel—to 
the death Prof. Avenarius, of Zurich, on August 18. Where I now 
write, the feeling that one of the greatest philosophical thinkers of 
Europe no longer adorns a Swiss university is very acute; and those 
who know the work of Prof. Avenarius must feel it also, regardless of 
the place of their habitation —J. Mark BALDWIN, in New York Even- 
ing Post, Sept. 12. 
Mental Action During Sleep, or Sub-Conscious Reason- 
ing.—Shortly after reading the interesting article by Professor Cope 
with regard to recent ethnological discoveries in Assyria, undertaken 
under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania, and elucidated 
by Professor Hilprecht, I met with the account of a peculiarly curious 
dream which had been experienced by Professor Hilprecht whilst his 
mind was deeply occupied with these very investigations. 
It is of course well known to all students of mental psychology, that 
the most complicated, abstruse forms of reasoning have often been 
carried out in dreams; and many interesting and well authenticated 
cases of this phenomenon will be found in Dr. Carpenter’s Mental 
Physiology.2 But the peculiarity of Dr. Hilprecht’s dream consists in 
2 Chap. XIII, Unconscious Cerebration. Mental Physiology. W. R. Carpenter, 
M. D. Chap. XV, Of Sleep, Dreaming and Sonnambulism, pp. 534, 593-5. 
