1896,] Distribution of Batrachia and Reptilia. 891 
Amphiumid, Cyptobranchid, and Arciferous Batrachia. Pres- 
ence of Agamid lizards, and Anigiostomatous and Viperid 
snakes. Presence of Phasianid, Eurylemid, Nectariniid and 
Pittid birds. . Absence of Tyrannid and of several nine-quilled 
oscine families. Presence of nomarthrous Edentata, of Viver- 
ride, Hyænidæ, Tupæidæ and Tarsiide. Presence of Rhino- 
cerotidæ, Tapiridee, Proboscidia, and Catarrhine Quadumana, 
and Anthopomorpha. Absence of Didelphyide, Procyonide 
and Scalopide. 
Holarctic Region —Absence of Holostomatous and Halecomor- 
phous fishes. Presence of Ginglymodous and Salmonid fishes. 
Absence of Trachystomatous, Amphiumid and Ceciliid Batra- 
chia, and absence of the Arcifera except the family Discoglos- 
sidæ (two species of Hyla excepted). Absence of Angiostomatous 
and presence of Viperid snakes. Presence of Phasianid, and 
absence of Eurylemid, Nectariniid, Pittid and Tyrannid birds, 
and of several nine-quilled oscine families or subfamilies. 
Absence of Nomarthrous Edentata, of Viverride, Hynide, 
Tupeide, Rhinocerotide, Tapiride, Proboscidia, Quadrumana 
and Anthropomorpha (except Homo). 
Medicolumhian Region.—Absence of Holostomatous fishes; 
presence of Ginglymodous and Halecomorphous fishes. Pres- 
ence of Trachystomatous, Amphiumid, Aciferous and Firmi- 
sternial Batrachia, and absence of Ceeciliide. Presence of Igu- 
anid, and absence of Agamid and Chameleonid lizards; absence 
(except three species) of Angiostomatous and of Viperid snakes. 
Absence of the Indian types of Passeres mentioned, and pres- 
ence of Tyrannid Clamatores,and several groups of nine-quilled 
Oscines (Icteride Mniotiltide, Tanagride). Absence of all 
the specially Indian mammalia, and of the Holarctic Erin- 
aceidæ, and presence of Didelphyide (one species), Scalopidee 
and Procyonide. 
In defining these regions I have restricted myself necessarily 
to types of tolerably high rank, and have not referred to 
species. This is because species are not generally characteristic 
of entire divisions, but only of parts of them. One cannot, 
however, be absolutely exact in such major definitions, since a 
number of the conspicuous types in each are not universally 
distributed over these areas. 
