736 The American Naturalist. [September, 
SEEING, HEARING AND Toucu have been considered incident- 
ally in this article, and my contribution to THE AMERI- 
cAN Natura.ist, July, 1888, entitled “ Cerebrology and Phre- 
nology ” contains a discussion of mental faculties in general 
and in detail from the old and new points of view. 
Taste and SMELL. These two special senses are asso- 
ciated in food discrimination to such an extent as to be often 
confused one with the other. As might be imagined, the 
simpler reflex organization of the lower invertebrates relating 
mouth motions to these senses grow more complex the higher 
the animal, until considerable brain tissue is concerned. For 
example, the infant wants to eat everything it sees and its arm 
and mouth reflexes respond to sight, smell, and taste in 
endeavors at swallowing everything visible, including its fist 
and the moon. Olfaction is the main food discriminating 
sense below the primates, the olfactory bulbs at the base of 
many lower mammalian brains being very large. 
In 1884 I published the original view that the hippocampus 
major related the olfactory sense to the eating motions. The 
hippocampus major passes from the olfactory nerve roots back- 
ward and finally curls upward and forward to the post 
frontal region, where are centres for the lips, tongue, and de- 
glutitory parts generally. The H uxley-Owen controversy over 
the hippocampus minor ended in the former demonstrating its 
presence in anthropoid ape brains. The animus of the denial 
was to show a radical difference between “lower animals” and 
man in the absence of a cerebral part. 
I am not aware that anyone has preceded me in announcing 
the probable functions of the hippocampi. The major is large, 
and, in keeping with its size, must have subserved some very 
important life relation, and what is more likely, considering 
its beginning and termination, its relationship to other brain 
parts, and its zoological distribution, than that it brought the 
smelling, tasting, and eating apparatus into coöperation. 
In man and the higher apes the olfactory has given way to 
optic intelligence generally, and in judging of food whole- 
someness the eyesight is relied upon mainly, which would 
