738 The American Naturalist. [September, - 
localized area in the brain, but resides in the total function- 
ating parts of that organ. For instance, in a healthy brain 
the entire nervous and vascular tissue, in its solidarity, is the 
seat of consciousness. Derangement of a part may interfere 
with action of the brain as a whole, and until adjustment to 
altered conditions has occurred, there may be deranged or lost 
consciousness. Now if an attempt at compensation be made by 
reparative processes, a new consciousness may be instituted, 
but correspondingly degraded in proportion to whatever per- 
manent damage the brain may have sustained. So while 
there is no special cerebral seat of consciousness, the entire 
brain is concerned therein, and the quantity and quality of 
consciousness will depend upon the equivalent integrity, con- 
struction, and size of the brain as a whole. 
Memory has been well demonstrated as consisting of 
memories. There is a memory of what has been learned by 
eyesight, located in the back part of the brain; forward of this, 
a memory of all that has been acquired through hearing. 
Touch memories are scattered over the brain surface co-exten- 
sively with motor centres for the peripheries from which the 
impression proceeds. This is based on Munk’s claim that 
tactile and motor centres coincide, though this is still under 
discussion. Taste and smell may be safely inferred as having 
probable centres, and the memory of things tasted and smelt 
reside therein. In addition to these there are motor memories 
(the “ Bewegungsbilder” of Kussmaul), which lie between, and 
in, the muscles, the nerves that innervate them, and the cells 
that lie in the outer part of the brain, and which are connected 
with those nerves. Then memory has no special seat, but has 
many brain localities devoted to different kinds of memories. 
Vouition.. That the so-called will power controls such a 
great number of parts would of itself argue that volition 
exercised the centres of innervation of those parts. 
As volition is merely the strongest impulse, and is aroused 
or checked by single or multiple reflexes, the centres for which 
are scattered throughout the spinal cord and brain, it is plain 
that there can be no special seat for the will power. The 
voluntary activities are the measure of volition and all the 
