1892.] Brain Centres. 739 
body activities, voluntary and involuntary, instigate it. Molec- 
ular changes in and about us influence and control it; 
digestive processes, fatigue, rest, good or bad air, sicknesses, as 
well as mental impressions, guide it, raise and depress it. Its 
starting point is everywhere in the. body, its reflex centres are 
everywhere in the brain. 
SEXUALITY (to borrow a phrenological term) is sometimes 
apparently augmented by brain injury. This I interpret as 
indicating that full brain integrity diverts or holds in check 
the manifestations of an appetite that belongs to every cell of 
the body. There are automatic spinal cord centres connecting 
the genitals through the nervi erigenates, but so far as intelli- 
gence is concerned in sexuality, a great number of mental 
associations exist differing between individuals; these are 
mainly optic in man, and olfactory in most other Mammalia. 
`- There néed no more be a special localization in the brain for 
sexuality than for hunger, and these two instincts are at the 
very foundation of life, and exist in every part of the body, 
controlling, directly or indirectly, every act and thought. So 
hunger and sexual desire are co-extensive with the distribution 
of volition throughout the body and brain. 
Tue Emortons have vaguely been regarded as having 
several centres or a single centre. Often in physiological writ- 
ings we encounter the term “emotional centre” and reasons 
more or less incorrect have been advanced locating this 
“ emotional centre” at the base of the brain. 
Emotionalism in a broad sense is nothing more nor less than 
degrees of excitement. So from this standpoint it is a condi- 
tion, an exaltation or depression of the nerve centres, and hence 
it would be absurd to look for its centre. Joy, grief, anger, 
fear, jealousy, are all conditions which may engage every cell 
in the body at times: The fact that there may be crying and 
laughing centres in the medulla do not constitute that portion 
an emotional centre any more than we are justified in calling 
the leg centres in the brain cortex, kicking centres. The laugh 
and cry may be purely automatic and without reference to the 
emotions at all. Besides, some emotional exhibitions, such as 
tremblings and pallor, indicate that during emotional excite- 
