1895.] Archeology and Ethnology. 79 
mounds contained no pottery, and none ever contained a certain kind 
of earthenware that seemed to have been tempered with small fibrous 
roots. This, when found at all, was found in the sheli heaps. Pro- 
fessor W. H. Holmes, in an appended paper (The Earthenware of 
Florida), argues that this fibre tempered pottery may, nevertheless, be 
no older than the other sand mound wares, since often in form (identical 
with those of the best days of the art) and in design (the scroll pattern), 
it appears to be up to the finer models of the sand tumuli. Less still 
does he find characteristics in any of the other earthen specimens, 
whether from sand mounds or shell heaps and which he describes as 
paddle-stamped Cherokee fashion, extemporized by amateurs, often 
coiled, and never made in baskets or nets; chalky often, or gray 
coated and black within, to warrant the setting aside of any pattern of 
them all as older than the rest, or the use of any make as a test of age 
for the mounds or heaps. 
Notwithstanding this and the fact that rarely the shell heaps (Per- 
simmon Mound) were used like the sand mounds for burial, Mr. 
Moore thinks for the reasons aflove given, that the shell heaps, as a 
general rule, belong to an older time than the mounds. 
(c) MOUNDS BEFORE AND AFTER WHITE CONTACT. 
Though there can be no doubt that some of the tumuli were built 
before the coming of white men, there seems to be no reason for sup- 
posing that these mounds of Florida are any older than any other 
class of mounds or shell heaps in the United States. The mammoth’s 
molar (Gunn’s Grove) appears to have been picked up by a curiosity- 
loving Indian and used as a trinket. But there is nothing in the ani- 
mal bones mentioned to suggest that the mound-maker was the con- 
temporary of an extinct fauna, though the clay model of a tapir-like 
snouted animal (Volusia Mound) may mean that these people, like the 
Indians of Tennesee, saw the tapir. 
Some of the mounds were built after the.coming of the whites. There 
is no question about that, for glass beads and iron were found in the 
bases of them with disassociated bones, complete skeletons and bunched 
burials (Ranlerson’s). There wasa silver ornament and an iron axe at 
the bottom of Dunn’s Creek Mound, and two skeletons were buried with 
flint-lock muskets and glass beads at Bayard’s Point. 
Some mounds, really pre-Columbian, and, in their original bedding, 
showing no white man’s trace, had been notched on their sides and top 
with comparatively recent Indian graves containing European trink- 
ets, and glass beads were found about the surface of some others ( Volu- 
