1895.] The Philosophy of Flower Seasons. 105 
Epigynae (Fig. 4, Plate VIII) the ginsengs (Araliaceae), dog- 
woods (Cornaceae), wild ginger and | pipe-vine (Aristolochia- 
ceae), as Mr. Clarke observes, come early. In regard to the 
Umbelliferae (Fig. 18, Plate VIII), however, my observations 
do not show them “in fullest sovereignty in July and August,” 
for at that time only four species bloom together, while there 
are 11 species in flower in May. Contrary to Mr.Clarke’s theory, 
the more highly specialized Epigynae (Fig. 4, Plate VIII) show 
a stronger tendency than the Perigynae (Fig. 5, Plate VIII to 
form an early maximum. 
Even the less specialized of the two dominant families of 
Perigynae (the Rosaceae, 14) does not equal the Umbelliferae 
in the formation of an early maximum, i. e., it does not decline 
-so rapidly from the early elevation. I think that the Umbel- 
liferae are more highly specialized than the Myrtales (Lythra- 
ceae and Onagraceae) and so reverse the order of Mr. Clarke’s 
theory. But the maximum of the Myrtales (17) anticipates 
that of the Leguminosae (15). be 
Of the hypogynous Sympetalae (Gamopetalae), the phloxes 
(Polemoniaceae), water-leaf family (Hydrophyllaceae) and 
borage family (Borraginaceae) are early; of 12 species all 
but one begin to bloom before June, and only two are in 
bloom after July 1st (Fig. 20, Plate VIII). The more numerous 
mint family (Labiatae, Fig. 13, Plate VU and Scropulari- 
aceae (Fig. 19, Plate VIII) predominate in the summer. Ob- 
servations on the Epigynae indicate that the flowers of the 
honeysuckle and madder families (Caprifoliaceae and Rubi- 
aceae) are most abundant in the last of May and first of June. 
The lobelias and campanulas are most abundant in August. 
Of all the dominant families, the, Compositae (Fig. 21, Plate 
IX.—2 spp. per mm.) show the latest maximum. The tendency 
of the more highly specialized Sympetalae to form a strong 
late maximum is more marked than in the case of the more 
simple Choripetalae. 
In order to illustrate to what extent the time of blooming 
of plants is correlated with the time of flight of insects, curves 
are reproduced showing the periods of the principal flower- 
loving insects, e. g., the bees (Fig, 24, Plate IX), the other 
