224 The American Naturalist. [March, 
appeared to have been made in the walls, while below were 
the great mounds of debris. At one corner appears a great 
ruined tower, while adding to the effect may be seen scattered 
patches of green where trees and grasses have caught root, and 
perhaps an inaccessible eyrie on the side of the cliff. When 
we saw it there were a pair of bald eagles soaring far above. 
This structure had been not inappropriately named Castle 
Butte. Before the advent of the white man they were really 
used as vantage points of defence as is abundantly attested 
by the large number of arrow heads that one may pick up at 
the bases of the cliffs. 
This butte formation is characteristic of the White River 
country. It consists of a fine semi-petrified caleareous sand- 
stone, often containing irregular branching and _ rootlike 
concretionary formations such as we found abundantly 
near Harrison and on the Niobrara. In it also are found the 
the “corkscrews.” Below it is the bed of the Miocene lake 
consisting of strata of clays, marls, and sandstone, the erosion 
of which has formed the Bad-lands rendered famous by the 
paleontological discoveries of Cope, Marsh, and others. 
Leaving Sowbelly Cafion behind we drove several miles 
down into the valley to escape the worst of the ravines near 
the ridge, and then turned eastward to hunt over a “ patch” 
of Bad-lands where we were certain of finding Menodus 
remains. About six o’clock, after winding about nearly all 
day in order to pass the ravines that we could not escape in, 
in spite of our long detour, we finally reached the railroad near 
the “ patch” of Bad-lands. This we followed to the watering 
station, Adele. Here we found a depot, a section house, and 
an artesian well. All through the long hot day’s drive after 
leaving the cafion, we had found no water that did not have 
considerably more than the chemist’s “trace” of alkali. To 
be sure we carried water, but this could not last long and 
could not be kept cool. Imagine our disgust when going to 
the artesian well to quench our thirst to find water so heavily 
charged with sulphur as to smell perhaps not quite as badly 
as more or less ancient eggs. We learned that the people at 
the section house had their water shipped to them from Craw- 
