300 The American Naturalist. [March, 
were places of temporary resort used at all times in man’s history, or that 
they were only at one age, the fixed habitations of a race of Cave Men? 
Our caves in Germany point out in their contents a now almost un- 
interrupted chain of discoveries from the diluvial period, through all the 
centuries to modern times. Besides bones of diluvial animals, I have 
found in the same layer pieces of or example of a cooking-pot, also 
fragments of the Hallstate period. An exact division of layers is 
almost impossible to accomplish. An exception is offered in the above 
referred to station of Dr. Nücsch in Schaffhausen (v. my book) where 
the different layers are distinctly divided. There one finds layers of 
the different periods one above the other, of all peoples who lived in that 
region. The caves are like towns, periodical refuges, which were used 
in all ages of man, and still are to-day. 
In the cave region of the Franconian Jura, in Bavaria, in the so- 
called Franconian Switzerland, where you have already excavated 
yourself, a people in the Neolithic period have been proved to have 
lived in many grottoes and caves. Our Neolithic people were also 
cave dwellers there, as well as the diluvial man who lived there, whose 
traces, mixed with more recent, have been proved to lie there. “Cave 
Men” were also there before our Neoliths (v. my book, p. 545). 
VI. Have you noticed any lines of direction of migration in the cave 
evidence for all Europe? Do the layers get thicker and the remains 
older as you advance geographically in any given direction, so as to indi- 
cate that man of that time came to or from any direction ? 
I have been unable to find any traces of the wandering of diluvial 
man (v. in my book in map of diluvial discoveries on page 418). 
JOHANNES RANKE. 
