1895.] Geology and Paleontology. 367 
back as Pre-Silurian time in New Zealand. In Victoria, South Aus- 
tralia and Tasmania, the original lines of folding along the Tasmanian 
and Adelaide axes continued to be developed all through the Cam- 
brian, Silurian and part of Devonian time, and along the Tasmanian 
axis during a portion, at least, of the Carboniferous Period. The 
Kosciusko axis, however, would appear to be of somewhat later origin 
than the Tasmanian and Adelaide and New Zealand axes. Possibly, 
an extension northwards of the Kosciusko axis in Carboniferous time 
reclaimed for the Australian Continent an area in New England, part 
of which had formed the floor of an ocean of moderate depth. 
“At least five important foldings have taken place in the Australasian 
region between Pre-Cambrian and Carboniferous time inclusive, and 
each has had an important influence on the evolution of the continental 
area of Australia, but the last extensive folding, that of the Gympie, 
which took place in-Carboniferous time, has been the chief factor in 
the evolution of the Main Dividing Range of Eastern Australia in the 
northern portion of New South Wales and in the greater part of 
Queensland. 
“The folding along the New Zealand axis which commenced in 
Pre-Silurian time, was continued up to the close of the Mesozoic Era.” 
(Proceeds. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2d Series, Vol. VIII, 1894.) 
The Carboniferous System of Brazil.—In view of the recent 
discussions of correlation of the Upper Carboniferous formations of 
Brazil, Professor Derby has published a description of material collected 
from Amazonian localities. The list includes 122 species from Upper 
Carboniferous strata. The descriptions are prefaced with remarks on 
the geology of the localities in which this fauna is represented, and a 
comparison between the fauna of Lower Amazons and that of Southern 
Brazil is given as follows: 
“Although there is, on the Lower Amazons, a considerable thick- 
ness, probably from 1000 to 2000 feet, of supposed Upper Carbonifer- 
ous rocks, all the known fossils are marine and form a single, or two 
closely related horizons. As stated in my paper on the Brachiopods, 
the Andean Carboniferous fauna is about of the same horizon. In 
southern Brazil, where there is an extensive Carboniferous area, fresh- 
water conditions seem to have prevailed and marine fossils have thus 
far proved to be rare and unsatisfactory. So far as their characters 
have been made out, they agree with the prevailing vegetable and 
reptilian types in presenting a decided Permian, or, perhaps, early 
Secondary facies. Both in its physical and in its paleontological 
