1895.] The Mouth-Parts of the Lepidoptera. 553 
sclerite lying upon the base of the maxillar proboscis and 
called by Savigny, and commonly, the labrum (see a. b. c. of 
fig. This minute triangular sclerite is a por- 
tion merely of the labrum, or may be indeed a 
true epipharynx, (i. e. process of the upper wall 
of the pharynx) fused, or apparently so, with 
the true labrum. In figure 13 of plate XXV, 
the cephalic aspect of the head of archippus, the 
labrum (lb), and its lateral projections, (pf), bear- 
: ing on the inner margin a fringe of short, stiff, 
aa re Po aaa light-brown hairs, are shown. ‘These labral 
Lapa wanna processes I have called pilifers from the charac- 
cris daplidice teristic fringe of hairs which is always present. 
Lat. ; b, Nymphalis Rudimentary mandibles are to be found among 
cardui Lat.; ¢, Zy- x 
gena scabiosx the Lepidoptera but so far as I have observed 
pied (After Sav- not among the’ Rhopalocera. When present, 
they uniformly arise from (i. e. are fused with) 
the gene, as the mandibles normally are among insects possess- 
ing biting mouth-parts. A clear demonstration of the distinct- 
ness of pilifers and mandibles is afforded by the fact that both 
mandibles and pilifers are present in all cases where mandibles 
are found. This is well shown in the figure of the cephalic 
aspect of the head of Protoparce carolina, (fig. 12, md., pf., plate 
XXV) 
Here the conspicuous” mandibular rudiments, strongly chi- 
tinized at the denticulate apex, plainly arose from the gene, 
and a faint articulating suture is visible. The pilifers are 
large, and manifestly continuous with the labral sclerite. I 
figure, also, the mouth-parts of Hadena auranticolor of same 
? After having arrived at and published my conclusions regarding the error of 
„designating as rudimentary mandibles the labial processes of Danais and the 
other butterflies (of all the Frenats, in fact), I found that Walter had previously 
come to the same conclusions, declaring that the parts designated by Savigny as 
mandibles are not such bnt processes of the labrum, and that the labrum of Sav- 
igny is to be regarded as an epipharynx. 
10 Despite Walter’s assertion of his beliefthat no mandibles, even rudimentary, 
are to be found among the macro-lepidoptera, I cannot understand how else than 
as mandibular remnants these conspicuous processes articulating with the gena, 
chitinized and even slightly denticulate at tip, of the sphinx moths are to be 
interpreted. ' 
