594 The American Naturalist. [June, 
to the lowest existing races of men, and had, in addition, a transverse 
ridge across the inner side of the symphysis of the lower jaw above the 
genioglossal tuberosity, from which it is separated by a deep transverse 
valley. Nothing like this occurs in any existing race of the Homo sapiens. 
If any person is disposed to dispute the claim of the Homo neanderthalen- 
sis to recognition as a species, let him reflect that the diversities pre- 
sented by the existing races of the Homo sapiens are, in some instances, 
of the kind regarded in zoology as both specific and even generic, and 
that they are not so regarded is because of the existence of numerous 
intermediate forms. The peculiarities presented by the Neanderthal man 
(including, in this term, the people of Spy, Naulette, Shipka, etc.), found 
in a few of the lowest races are the small cranial capacity, the larger size 
and quadrituberculy of the last superior molar, ete., while the conforma- 
tion of the symphysis is not seen in any of them, and is of such a char- 
acter as to indicate wide divergence in zoological affinity. His small 
cranial capacity has been shown by Virchow to be matched by that of 
a Nigrito of the Andamans, where it is as low as 950 ccm., an inhabi- 
tant of New Britain, 860 cem.; Nilgiri, India, 960 cem.; New Ireland, 
970 ccm., and of Abyssinia 975 cem. No trace of the skeleton of the 
Neanderthal man has been found in North America. Theskull found 
in the Gold Bearing Gravel of Calaveras Co., California, was without 
lower jaw, so that its specific position cannot be determined. The 
cranium proper, however, does not resemble that of the older species. 
The same is true of the man of Sarasota Bay, Florida; and the man 
of the baths of Pefion near the city of Mexico had the usual type of 
lower jaw. For the present, then, this species of man may be left out 
of account in the present discussion. 
Whether, after the subtraction of the Neanderthal species, the history 
of Homo sapiens can be divided into a paleolithic and a neolithic age, or 
whether the Neanderthal man was the only paleolithic man, remains for 
consideration. The man who made the turtle-backs of the gravels of 
the valleys of the Thames and of the Somme, is supposed to be truly 
paleolithic. Mr. Boyd Dawkins finds, however, that their bone fish- 
ing-spears are identical in character with those made and used by the 
(Esquimaux) Inuit, and he suggests that, in the glacial period, these 
people existed in southern Europe with the reindeer and other arctic 
mammals appropriate to the climate. And now comes Mr. Frank 
Cushing, who declares that not only the spears, but all the other bone 
instruments and implements of reindeer-horn and bone found in the 
* Verhandlungen d. Berliner Anthrop. Gesselsch., 1894, p. 506. 
