88 The American Naturalist. [January, 
in plain sight were more or less of a surprise. I felt my hand to be in 
a different position from that in which I saw it, and could not, except 
by cool deliberation, use its visual image as a sign of impending tactual 
experience. After a time, however, repeated experience made this use 
of the visual image much less strange; it began to be the common 
guide and means of anticipation. I watched my feet in walking, and 
saw what they were approaching, and expected visual and tactual 
contact to be reported perceptionally together. In this way the limbs 
began actually to feel in the place where the new visual perception re- 
ported them to be. The vivid connection of tactual and visual percep- 
tions began to take away the overpowering force of the localization 
lasting over from normal vision. The seen images thus became real 
things just as in normal sight. I could at length feel my feet strike 
against the seen floor, although the floor was seen on the opposite side 
of the field of vision from that to which at the beginning of the experi- 
ment I had referred these tactual sensations. I could likewise at times 
feel that my arms lay between my head and this new position of the 
feet; shoulders and head, however, which under the circumstances 
could never be directly seen, kept the old localization they had had in 
normal vision, in spite of the logical difficulty that the shape of the 
body and the localization of hands and feet just mentioned made such 
a localization of the shoulders absurd. 
“Objects lying at the moment outside the visual field (things 
at the side of the observer, for example) were at first mentally repres- 
ented as they would have appeared in normal vision. * * * But later 
I found myself bringing the representation of unseen objects into har- 
monious relation with the present perception. They began now to be 
represented nos as they would appear if normal vision were restored, 
but as they would appear if the present field of vision were widened or 
moved so as to include them. * 
“ As to the relation of the visual field to the observer, the feeling that 
the field was upside down remained in general throughout the experi 
ment. At times, however, there were peculiar variations in this feel- 
ing according to the mental attitude of the observer toward the present 
scene, Ifthe attention was directed mainly inward, and things were 
viewed only in indirect attention, they seemed clearly to be inverted. 
But when, on the other hand, full attention was given to the outer ob- 
jects, these frequently seemed to be in normal position, and whatever 
there was of abnormality seemed to lie in myself, as if head and 
shoulders were inverted and I were viewing objects from that position, 
as boys sometimes do from between their legs, At other times the im- 
version seemed confined to the face or eyes alone. 
