1897,] Anthropology. 255 
other theories of individualism and anarchism it tends of the destruc- 
tion of coöperative life, which is in the family the basis of civilization. 
This weli understood position does not mean the neglect by woman 
of her intellectual life. In this she should be, as in her moral nature, 
as much a guardian of human progress as the man. But in the moral 
nature she should guard the altruistic, as man is forced to develop the 
egoistic ; otherwise man is likely to develop egoism in excess, and 
degenerate rather than advance in the scale of spiritual being. 
E. D. Cope. 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 
Mr. Wilson’s investigation of the Swastika Cross.—Two 
lines intersecting at right angles, to form a cross, make a Swastika (as 
the Buddists called it in Sanscrit) if you bend the ends of the four arms 
in the same direction. Drawn, painted, cut, woven, scratched or other- 
wise designed upon utensils, or objects of every day life, the interésting 
figure appeared first, it seems, in the bronze (possibly polished stone 
age) of Europe and though not found in the earlier chipped stone 
(Neolithic) period, was discovered later among the Etruskans, Greeks, 
and Troyans (at Hissarlik or Troy). It seems to have been unknown 
in Assyria, Babylonia, Phoenicia and Egypt, but was used in India 
before the Christian Era, and persists not only in the Orient but also 
among the Finns and Lapps, and in remote corners of Europe, while 
generally disused for the last thousand years in Christendom. 
To establish its existence in the new world Mr. Wilson, in a hand- 
somely illustrated volume (The Swastika by Thomas Wilson, Curator 
Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, United States National 
Museum, Washington Government printing office 1896) presents valu- 
able evidence. His numerous illustrations show the figure carved on 
shells from the Fains Island and Toes mounds, Tennessee, silhouetted 
on the copper plates from the Hopewell tumuli in Ohio, doubtfully 
painted on a water jug from Poinsett County, Arkansas, and carved on 
à stone metate from Nicaragua and a slab of lime stone from Yucatan. 
The Kansas Indians drew it on their song charts as shown, we see it 
Woven in the bead-necklaces of the Sacs, painted on a gourd rattle of 
the Pueblos and figured in the dry sand paintings of the Navajoes. So 
the lucky sign we are told ornaments the bead work of the Kickapoos 
t This department is edited by H. C. Mercer, University of Pennsylvania. 
18 
