1897.] The Polyphyletic Disposition of Lichens. 277 
fined to the medical schools. Here both have been treated too 
largely as applied sciences. Both would greatly profit in being 
taken from the medical schools and established, like physics 
or chemistry, in separate institutes where both the pure and 
applied science should be taught. The biochemical laboratory 
should be one of the laboratories of the university, just as the 
laboratory of experimental physiology, or organic chemistry. 
It should be in the hands of investigators, and should give 
instruction not only in urine analysis, but in the principles of 
metabolism. For the purpose of mutual helpfulness it should 
be in close connection with the laboratories of experimental 
physiology and organic chemistry. It is greatly to be hoped 
that the progress of this science in America may be furthered 
by the establishment of professorships of biochemistry and of 
an American Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry to pro- 
vide a ready means of publication for physiological and bio- 
chemical papers. 
THE POLYPHYLETIC DISPOSITION OF LICHENS.’ 
By FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS. 
The present trend of thought upon the morphology and dis- 
position of the lichens must be most encouraging to those, who 
stood at first alone, and then with ever-increasing company, 
for the complete acceptation of the Schwendenerian hypothesis, 
and of the morphologic and phylogenetic theories involved in 
it. Even during the present decade, botanical literature has 
not lacked for articles, penned chiefly by lichenologists, dis- 
proving in its entirety the algo-lichen theory, and maintain- 
ing the autonomy of the lichens, as they are pleased to term 
it. When the “symbiosis”, “consortism,” or parasitism of 
lichens was established beyond a doubt, and polyphylesis was 
postulated as a necessary consequence, the lichenographers 
again rose en masse, arguing and pleading for the dignity and 
autonomy of their group. Since the tacit and universal 
i 1 Read before the Botanical Seminar of the University of Nebraska. December 
, 1896. 
