330 The American Naturalist. [April, 
output of the same company for 1896 has been sold for $26,000,000. 
The total of the dividends paid by the South African diamond compa- 
nies in the past ten years has been $58,000,000. A 640 carat diamond 
called the Rietz, found in 1895 is superior in quality to the Excelsior 
(971 carats) discovered a year or two earlier. The extent of the South 
African deposits is much greater than hitherto supposed, and many 
new workings are being opened. Near Winburg, in the Orange Free 
State, diamond diggings of a prehistoric race were discovered. 
Stonier states that the diamonds of New South Wales occur in a 
Tertiary (?) deposit, and may have been derived from an intrusive mass 
of peridotite, now serpentinized. They are said to be of better quality 
than those from South Africa. 
The great advance in the price of carbonado, which has trebled in 
value, has stimulated the search for substitutes. The only source of 
carbonado is Bahia, Brazil, where a single lump weighing 3,073 carats 
was found during the year. The practicability of using artificial dia- 
monds seems improbable in the light of Moissan’s experiments, who has 
made several hundred crystals with a total weight of about } carat on 
an outlay of $2000. This is about 2000 times the value of natural 
diamond powder. 
Mr. Kunz has named the hydrocarbon to which the phosphorescence 
of certain diamonds is attributed, Tiffanyite. 
Rubies have been found in place near Franklin, Macon Co., N. C., 
in decomposed gneiss with garnets and chlorite. 
Brown and Judd‘ have recently described the occurrence and meth- 
ods of obtaining the rubies of the noted Burmese mines, where the 
paragenesis is much like that of the corundum at Orange Co., N. Y., 
and Sussex Co., N. J. In Siam rubies and sapphires have been ob- 
tained during the past few years from the Patat Hills. From Black 
Creek, New Zealand, rubies are also reported. Sapphires and a few 
rubies are gotten by sluicing the detritus of a decomposed limestone in 
Fergus Co., Montana. The outlook in this locality is promising. The 
Montana rubies and sapphires are extremely varied in color. 
A number of rich green tourmalines were found in 1895 at Mt. 
Mica, Paris, Me. Five of these were cut into gems of from five to fifty- 
seven carats in weight. At Haddam Neck, Conn., five hundred dollars 
worth of tourmalines of various colors were obtained. 
Turquoise is reported from Cripple Creek and from Castle Rock 
Spring, Col. A mixture of prosopite and quartz closely resembling 
turquoise was found at Provo, Utah. 
* Trans, N. Y. Acad. Sci., May 20, 1895, p. 260. 
* Phil. Trans., Vol. 187, A, pp. 151-228 
