1897.] Entomology. 351 
apples. “The green fruit worms,” he writes, “ do most of their dam- 
age to the young fruits in May, but some of them continue working 
until nearly the middle of June. During the first week in June most 
of the caterpillars get their full growth and then burrow into the soil 
beneath the trees to a depth of from an inch to three inches. Here 
they roll and twist their bodies about until a smooth earthen cell is 
formed. Most of them then spin about themselves a very thin silken 
cocoon ; some spin no cocoon. Within the cocoon or the earthen cell the 
caterpillar soon undergoes a wonderful transformation which results in 
what is known as the pupa of the insect. Most of these insects spend 
about three months of their life in the ground during the summer in 
this pupal stage. Some evidently hibernate as pups, and thus pass 
nine months or more of their life in this stage. Usually, about Sep- 
tember 15th, the moths break their pupal shrouds and work their way 
to the surface of the soil. Most of them emerge in the fall before 
October 15th, and pass the winter as moths in sheltered nooks; some 
evidently do not emerge until spring. Warm spells in winter some- 
times arouses a few of them from their hibernation. 
“ During the first warm days of early spring all the moths appear, 
and doubtless the mothers soon begin laying eggs. No observations 
have been made on the eggs or young caterpillars in the north, but in 
a newspaper article published in the south in 1872, it is stated that the 
eggs are deposited in the spring on the undersides of the leaves. They 
hatch in a few days, and the young worms begin at once to eat the 
foliage, or the fruit, or both. 
“ There is thus but one brood of these green fruit worms in a year. 
They work mostly in May, pupate in the soil in June, live as pupe 
during the summer and sometimes all winter, and most of the moths 
emerge in the fall and hibernate, laying their eggs in the spring.” 
Notes on Dragon-flies.—Prof. D. S. Kellicott publishes’ some 
interesting data regarding the occurrence of Odonata in Ohio during 
1895 and 1896. “In 1895,” he writes, “‘I prepared and published a 
chart showing what was then known about the distribution and time 
of flight of each of the eighty-six species of Odonata known to inhabit 
Ohio. It was believed the record, so far as it went, was reliable. Some 
species had been found only in limited areas and at definite times in 
the year. The schedule showed what species occurred in early, mid 
and late summer, and in northern, central or southern Ohio. But 
with the opening and progress of the present season, my confidence in 
*The Agricultural Student, III, 141. 
34 .. 
