1897.] Geology and Paleontology. 613 
Geology of the Funafuti Coral Reef.—The following summary 
is given by Mr. Hedley of the geological results of his observations 
while attached to the Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition: 
“(a) An elevation of Funafuti by at least 4 feet is proved by dead 
sub-fossil reef-corals in the position of life near high water-mark. (b) 
Darwin’s theory of coral reefs, as opposed to Murray’s, is favored by 
these facts: (1) Soundings show the atoll to be planted, not on a bank, 
but on a cone; (2) they also show it girdled by a precipitous sub- 
marine cliff, explicable only on the subsidence theory ; (3) our observa- 
tions and the experience of residents agree that the lagoon is filling up, 
whereas Murray demands its excavation, (c) A peripheral growth at 
present level is indicated on both sides of the islets.” (Mem. III, 1897, 
Australian Museum.) 
Geological News.—GeneraL.—-Two kinds of mountain ranges 
are recognized by Dr. LeConte, classified by their generating forces. 
The one is anteclinal, the other monoclinal. As to cause the one is 
formed by lateral squeezing and strata-folding, the other by lateral 
stretching, fracturing, block-tilting, and unequal settling. As to place 
of birth, the one is born of marginal sea bottoms, the other is formed 
in the land crust. (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 8, 1897.) 
The fossil phyllopod genera, Dipeltis and Protocaris, according to 
Schuchert, are representatives of the Apodide family. The history of 
this family, therefore extends throughout the time of the entire known 
fossil-bearing rocks, as Protocaris occurs at the base of the Lower Cam- 
brian. The fossil forms are generally marine, while all the recent 
species are denizens of fresh water ponds and pools. (Proceeds. U.S. 
Natl. Mus., Vol. XIX, 1897.) 
Parozorc.—In a revision of the fossil sponges found in the Quebec 
Group at Little Metis on the St. Lawrence River, Sir Wm. Dawson 
describes 14 species all belonging to the order Silicea. Of these, one, 
Lasiothrix flabellata, is new. Other animal remains from the same 
deposit are a small brachiopod, Obolella pretiosa, trails and eastings of 
worms, and fragments of triobites, cystideans and Graptolites. (Trans. 
Roy. Soc. Canada, 1896-97.) 
Some interesting vertebrate remains from the Kansas Permian are 
recorded by Williston, representing the genera Cricotus and Clepsy- 
drops Cope. The characters do not warrant specific distinction from 
forms described by Cope from Danville, Illinois. The author calls 
attention to the close resemblance of the two series of forms and con- 
siders ita demonstration of the contemporaneity of the Illinois and 
