1897,] Psychology. 643 
exhibitions; e. g., the figures representing the population of any iwo of 
these cities being given him, combined into a single number and in any 
order, he will give the names of the cities. He has also committed to 
memory a large number of squares, cubes, etc., up to the fifth power, as 
well as many products of two-place numbers; i. e., his multiplication 
table extends with some breaks to 100 x 100, instead of 12x12. With 
the help of these known solutions he is able to perform arithmetical 
Operations with great rapidity ; he recognizes perfect squares, cubes, 
etc., at a glance, and'in performing multiplications breaks up the given 
numbers into parts with whose products he is already familiar. - His 
power of retention is the sole source of this facility in calculation ; he 
has no special aptitude for performing the operations themselves. This 
was clearly demonstrated by a comparison of his time with that of 
Diamandi and Inaudi, in the tests made on this point. In the simpler 
operations, involving results with which he was familiar, his time was 
but slightly longer than theirs ; but as the task grew more complex and 
the numbers required more breaking up into factors according to his 
method, his time increased to double and sometimes even four times 
theirs. The tests of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division 
given him were identical with those given to Inaudi by Prof. Binet, so 
that their respective results admit of direct comparison here. The 
other calculators seem to have had some natural facility in handling 
new problems, or at least new examples of old problems: with Zane- 
boni the only special gift was a memory for numbers, and that was a 
retaining, not an acquiring aptitude. 
Another point of interest in Zaneboni was his visual type. This 
characteristic revealed itself in several ways. In his public exhibitions 
he preferred to have the numbers written out on the board, rather than 
spoken. His visual reactions were short from the first, and very con- 
stant (2050). He was able to read eight figures shown by an instanta- 
neous electric flash, while ordinary individuals were only able to distin- 
guish three or four under the same conditions. Out of 50 words, selected 
from widely different spheres as a test for association, 35 gave visual 
associations in his case, and of the remainder 9 failed to call forth any 
association whatever. All these tests combined to demonstrate the 
essentially visual character of his ideational processes 
Like most other professional calculators, Zaneboni’s interest centers 
wholly jn his profession ; beyond it he has no tastes and little general 
knowledge. “ He rises shortly before noon, walks a little, dines at two, 
then walks again or goes to some café, and about seven o’clock goes to 
the theater. After the performance he retires, on reaching his house, 
