1897.] Biology and Medicine. 759 
however versatile and industrious, or in one laboratory. It 
necessitates such specialization and subdivision of labor as is 
represented by these laboratories and by those appointed to con- 
duct the work in them. 
All that relates to the vegetable kingdom, whether it be 
anatomical, physiological or paleontological, is included under 
botany. The historical development of this science has been 
far more consistent and symmetrical than that of animal 
biology. In the latter the central position is appropriately 
occupied by zoology in the widest sense. Unfortunately the 
term zoology has not had the same comprehensive meaning in 
reference to animals that botany has in reference to plants, 
but there is a growing tendency, which I am glad to see is 
here recognized, to include under the designation “zoology” 
more and more of animal biology, and especially to discard 
the artificial distinction between zoology and comparative 
anatomy, a distinction which can be traced historically to the 
early development and exceptional position of human anat- 
omy, to which I have already alluded. Not less important 
than the study of organized form and structure, and insepara- 
bly intertwined with it, is that of physiology, which concerns 
itself with the properties and actions of living beings. Subor- 
dinate to physiology, but still deserving recognition as a spe- 
cialized biological science, is physiological chemistry, which is 
most fruitfully cultivated by one trained both as a chemist 
and as a biologist, who gives his whole time to the subject. 
The study of the structure and functions of the nervous system 
has become so specialized and has such important relations to 
psychology, that neurology has here received special recogni- 
tion as a separate department. The same is true of paleontol- 
ogy, which forms a connecting link between biology and 
geology, and which has shed most valuable light upon funda- 
mental problems concerning the origin and development of 
animals and plants. 
There are some who see in the setting up of all of these 
divisions and subdivisions of biological science peculiar perils 
resulting from the severance of natural relations and loss of 
Perspective. This is the familiar cry of the general worker 
