1897.] Botany. 1055 
critically reviewed. The author then enunciates the principles of a 
classification based on the history of the class and the ontogeny of the 
individual. The ordinal grouping proposed by Beecher in 1891 is the 
only one for the Brachiopods which is founded upon these principles, 
and is therefore adopted. Schuchert has greatly elaborated and devel- 
oped the classification along these lines until it is now very complete 
and satisfactory. 
The orders are based mainly upon the nature of the pedicle opening ; 
superfamilies upon the persistent internal characters of the shell; and 
families within the superfamilies upon a combination of common ex- 
ternal and internal generic characters. The generic limitations and 
the disposal of species are largely in accordance with the work of Hall 
and Clarke. 
The final chapter containing the index and bibliography necessarily 
constitutes the bulk of the work. The arrangement is alphabetical and 
will greatly facilitate references to any species or genus. The plan of 
treatment is as follows: The generic name and author are first given, 
and also the genotype, or type species of the genus, together with refer- 
ences to all the literature. Then follow the species under the genus, 
each with its geological distribution, references and synonymy, geo- 
graphical position, and in many cases, observations on the synonymy, 
structure, and affinities.—C. E. B 
BOTANY. 
Bailey’s Principles of Fruit Growing.'—This volume of the 
Rural Science Series, which is issuing under the editorial management 
of Professor Bailey, contains only eight chapters, but* goes into an 
unusual amount of detail in the discussion of all phases of fruit-grow- 
ing, from the primary location of the fruit farm to the handling and 
marketing of its produce. Few problems are as complicated as those 
underlying the art of horticulture, and the author has done well in 
analyzing them quite fully, for there is little doubt that intelligent ob- 
servation in any locality can supply better data for local practice than 
can be laid down empirically in the best book. Though a rather 
curiously classified inventory of fruits occupies the early pages, the dis- 
- cussion of practical details is chiefly limited to the varieties growing in 
the temperate part of the United States.—T. 
` 1The principles of fruit-growing. soi L. H. Bailey, New York. The Mac- 
millan Company, 1897, pp. xit+-508. $1.25 
