1897.] Psychology. 1057 
duce a radiating change that gradually works over and modifies the 
entire egg. Boveri’s archoplasm does not exist except as this radiating 
area of influence. 5. In this radiating mass there is no centrosome, 
no sperm centre—nothing but a mass of nucleo-albuminiferous enchy- 
lema discharged from the sperm and in process of solution. 6. Up to 
the time of cleavage there are no centrosomes in the protoplasm and 
there can be no “quadrille of the centres.” 7. The centrosomes arise 
early in the pronuclei, one in each, as nucleoli. 8. One centrosome comes 
out of the sperm nucleus and one out of the egg and they function as 
soon as they get into the eggs protoplasm, to form asters. 9. The 
spindle is made from the network of the nucleus, (fused sperm and egg 
nuclei), under the influence of the centrosomes. 10. The centrosomes 
do not divide but dissolve; the asters also disappear without dividing. 
11. In each new nucleus two new nucleoli arise and after a dormant 
period pass out to function as centrosomes in the next cleavage. 
Fertilization is thus a most complex process in which two individuals 
of different origin merge into one new entity of mixed nature; mixed 
not only in chromosomes but in all parts; cytoplasm, caryoplasm, cen- 
trosomes, all of double origin, male and female. 
The egg may transmit the properties of both parents since it acts as 
a mixed being of double origin in all parts, throughout cleavage and 
subsequently. The entire egg not only the nucleus but also the outer 
protoplasm may be concerned in heredity. 
As life remains a complex of mysterious and unexplained phenom- 
ena the author deems it folly to venture hypotheses as to the nature of 
heredity. “Sachons avouer notre ignorance profonde et nous arrêter 
à la limite de notre modeste savoir.” 
PSYCHOLOGY.’ 
The Physical Basis of Pain.—The unsettled state of opinion 
among psychologists in regard to the nature of pain was touched upon 
last year in these notes.” The chief points at issue are whether pain 
and pleasure should be classed as sensations or as affective elements of 
consciousness, and how far a distinction should be drawn between so- 
called physical pain (Schmerz) and pain in the sense of displeasure 
(Unlust). The older theories in general regarded pain solely asa feel- 
1 Edited by Howard C. Warren, Princeton University, Princton, N. J. 
2 November, 1896, p. 948. 
T2 
