1060 The American Naturalist. [December, 
If this analysis be accepted, it will naturally follow that pain must 
be regarded as a sensation alongside of the sensations of pressure, tem- 
perature, etc., but differing from them in having no specific end-organ, 
and depending upon them for its stimulation. It is scarcely necessary, 
then, to turn to introspection for further evidence. Prof. Witmer 
says: “Pain is a simple, unanalyzable mental content. It should 
therefore be called a sensation.” The advocates of a dual or triple 
divison of the elementary data of consciousness will, of course, deny 
this argument ab initio. But the physiological evidence is another 
matter, and the hypothesis is sufficiently well grounded to call for 
careful consideration and discussion.—H. C. W. 
Baldwin’s Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental 
Development.’—Following up the line of thought of his earlier 
work, on “Mental Development in the Child and the Race,” Prof. 
Baldwin, in the present volume, considers the social aspects of that 
development. The connection between the individual and society he 
believes to be very close. On the one hand the mental growth of the 
individual is more or less controlled by conditions in the social en- 
vironment; on the other hand, the forms of organization, growth and 
activity of society are analogous to those of the individual organism. 
Prof. Baldwin examines both of these relations in turn. The develop- 
ment of the notion of Self in the child proceeds pari passu with the rise 
of the notion of Other. The social environment furnishes him with a 
vast store of traditions and customs (social heredity) which form an 
important factor in his mental life; this same environment supports 
him where he conforms to its standards, and “ suppresses ” him where 
he does not. The inventive function, too—that by which the individ- 
ual arrives at new results, different from his mere imitations of others— 
is guided by social approval and disapproval. In all these phases of 
individual growth the social environment supplements the instincts 
and other endowments derived from biological and psychological 
heredity. The author concludes this part of his work with an analy- 
sis of the elements in man’s mental constitution which fit him for the 
social relation (sympathy, social intelligence, ethical sentiment, etc.), 
aid a comparison of the sanctions, personal and social, which deter- 
mine his acts. 
In taking up the problem from the standpoint of the social organiza- 
tion, the author considers (1) the forces which control society, (2) the 
8 Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development. atl James Mark 
Baldwin. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1897, pp. xiv, 574, $2.60 
