CRANIOLOGY OF PEOPLE OF INDIA. 707 



beyond latitude 24°. Owing to depredations committed by the Chins it was found 

 necessary to organise an expedition against them in 1889-90. 



Surgeon -Lieut. -Col. A. S. Reid has published an interesting account of the 

 expedition, along with maps of the Lushai and Chin hill-tracts* He regards the 

 Koladyne river as separating the Lushais on the west from the Chins to the east, and 

 he considers that the Burmese word Chin should replace the name Shendii given to 

 these people by those who approached their hills from the Indian frontier. 



Whilst exhibiting differences in dialect and dress, Dr Reid regards the Lushais and 

 Chins as practically one race. The men, he says, are well built, with strong limbs 

 and good figures. The average height is about 5 ft. 6 in., though individuals approach 

 6 ft. Like the Lushais, the northern Chins gather the hair in a knot on the nape of 

 the neck, but the tribe of Baungshes wear it on the forehead. The Soktds, again, have 

 it short, and outstanding like the tresses of Medusa. The mode of dressing the hair 

 accords with Colonel Woodthorpe's description. The Chinmen have a small loin-cloth, 

 and a large shawl or blanket thrown loosely over the shoulders ; the clothes of the 

 chiefs are in coloured patterns. A haversack of hairy skin is worn on the right side, 

 suspended by a strap from the left shoulder. The women wear a dark cloth jacket and 

 skirt ; the latter is sometimes woven in coloured patterns. 



The tribes which inhabit the Kachin Hills on the borders of Upper Burma and 

 Yunnan are often called Kachins or Kakhyens, though a more appropriate name is 

 Chingpaw or Singpho. They have been described both by Dr John Anderson t and Mr 

 E. C. S. George. J Their ancestral home was apparently the head waters of the Irrawaddy, 

 and they are probably offshoots of the same race as gave origin to the Chins. The men 

 are said to average 5 ft. 4 in. in height, and the women are three or four inches shorter. 

 The oblique eyes widely separated, high cheek-bones, colour of skin from a brunette 

 almost to black, point to their Mongolian affinities. The nose, however, varies from 

 aquiline to a broad, squat projection on the face. The hair varies between black and 

 brown ; the eyes between dark and light brown. 



South-east of Assam and north-west of Burma, and in proximity to the state of 

 Manipur, are ranges of hills which lie between 25° and 28° latitude and 93° to 97° 

 longitude. Our knowledge of the tribes inhabiting them is largely due to Captain 

 Butler, § Colonel Woodthorpe,|| Mr G. H. Damant,1F Dr Brown, ## and General Sir 

 James Johnstone. tt The principal tribes inhabiting these mountains are called Nagas, 



* Chin-Lushai Land. Calcutta, 1893. 

 t Expedition to Western Yunnan, Calcutta, 1871. 

 | Appendix to Census of Burma, 1892. 



§ Journal Asiatic Soc, Bengal, 1875, vol. xliv. part i. p. 307. 

 || Journal Anthropol. Inst., 1882, vol. xi. pp. 56, 196. 

 IT Journal Royal Asiatic Soc, 1880, vol. xii. 

 ** Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur, 1873. 

 tt Experiences in Manipur and the Nagci Hills. London, 1896. 



An excellent account of the social structure, religion, myths, dances and songs, cultivation, trade and war of the 

 Nagas has been compiled by Miss Gertrude M. Godden from the above and other authorities. It is published in the 

 Journal Anthropological Inst., vol. xxvi., Nov. 1896, and vol. xxvii., Nov. 1897. 



