CRANIOLOGY OF PEOPLE OF INDIA. 721 



part of the upper jaw from the floor of the nose ; the canine and incisor fossae were 

 moderate in depth, though in the aged skull they were deeper. The jaws were not 

 prognathic ; the orbits were high in proportion to their width. The teeth were deeply 

 stained, and as a rule free from decay, though in the older skulls they showed evidence 

 of wear, and in the aged specimen they had almost all been shed and the sockets 

 absorbed. The sutures in the aged skull were almost obliterated, and in some of the 

 other crania they were also disappearing. The mastoid processes were moderate, the 

 temporal and occipital ridges were fairly marked. The palate was arched and horseshoe 

 shaped. The external meatus was free from exostoses. No third condyle or para- 

 mastoid process was seen, but in one specimen each external pterygoid plate sent a 

 spur-like process backwards which did not reach the spine of the sphenoid. In one 

 skull the infra-orbital suture was seen. 



In three specimens small Wormian bones were in the lambdoidal suture. The 

 breadth of the parieto-sphenoid suture varied from 3 to 12 mm. In the right pterion 

 of two specimens, F and G, an epipteric bone was seen, and in the left pterion of both 

 of these skulls a tongue-shaped process of the squamous temporal articulated with the 

 frontal ; in the skull F this process was so broad as to separate the ali-sphenoid from 

 the parietal by an interval of 17 mm. 



The eight skulls of the Tonkal Nagas varied in maximum length from 171 to 188 

 mm., with a mean of 180 mm. In their greatest breadth the range was from 130 

 in the woman to 145 mm. in the broadest-headed man, and the mean was 137 "6. 

 The mean cephalic index of the series was 76 "4, i.e., mesaticephalic ; two of the crania 

 were brachycephalic, four were dolichocephalic, and the remaining two were in the 

 lower half of the mesaticephalic group. 



The crania ranged in basi-bregmatic height from 132 to 138 mm., with the mean 

 136 mm., and the mean vertical index was 75*7, which is moderately high. In two 

 specimens the vertical index was slightly above the cephalic, but the opposite condition 

 was the rule. 



The mean Stephanie diameter, 110 mm., slightly exceeded the mean asterionic, 

 109 mm., and both were considerably higher than the mean minimum frontal diameter 

 947 mm. The bizygomatic diameter, with a mean of 133*4 mm., ranged from 122 to 

 146 mm. In each skull it invariably exceeded the intermalar diameter. 



The mean complete facial index was 86*7, i.e., chamseprosopic, whilst the pro- 

 portions of the upper face gave an index 52, or leptoprosopic. In the five skulls in 

 which the dimensions could be taken the basi-nasal diameter exceeded the basi-alveolar, 

 and the mean relative index, 93*5, was orthognathous. 



In the nasal index two skulls were leptorhine, five were mesorhine, and only one 

 was platyrhine ; the mean index of the series was 49"7, or mesorhine. The mean 

 orbital index was 92*2 ; the orbit, except in one skull, was megaseme, and with no 

 great difference between the breadth and height. The mean palato-maxillary index was 

 128*9, and every skull was brachyuranic. 



